Biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls in a highly contaminated freshwater food web from South China

To evaluate the biomagnification extent of polybrominated diphenyls ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a highly contaminated freshwater food web from South China, trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for 18 PBDE congeners and 53 PCB congeners were calculated. The TMF values ranged 0.26-4.47 for PBDEs and 0.75-5.10 for PCBs. Forty-five of 53 PCBs and BDEs 47, 100 and 154 had TMFs greater than one, suggesting their biomagnification in the present food web. The TMFs for PBDEs were generally smaller than those for PCBs with the same degree of halogenation, indicating a lower biomagnification potential for PBDEs compared to PCBs. For PCBs, it followed a parabolic relationship between TMFs and log K_OW (octanol-water partition coefficient). However, this relationship was not significant for PBDEs, possibly due to the more complex behaviors of PBDEs in the food web (e.g., metabolism), compared to that of PCBs.     

Are Bavarian Forests (southern Germany) at risk from ground-level ozone? Assessment using exposure and flux based ozone indices

Exposure and flux-based indices of O₃ risk were compared, at 19 forest locations across Bavaria in southern Germany from 2002 to 2005; leaf symptoms on mature beech trees found at these locations were also examined for O₃ injury. O₃ flux modelling was performed using continuously recorded O₃ concentrations in combination with meteorological and soil moisture data collected from Level II forest sites. O₃ measurements at nearby rural open-field sites proved appropriate as surrogates in cases where O₃ data were lacking at forest sites (with altitude-dependent average differences of about 10% between O₃ concentrations). Operational thresholds of biomass loss for both O₃ indices were exceeded at the majority of the forest locations, suggesting similar risk under long-term average climate conditions. However, exposure-based indices estimated higher O₃ risk during dry years as compared to the flux-based approach. In comparison, minor O₃-like leaf injury symptoms were detected only at a few of the forest sites investigated. Relationships between flux-based risk thresholds and tree response need to be established for mature forest stands for validation of predicted growth reductions under the prevailing O₃ regimes.     

The formation and fate of chlorinated organic substances in temperate and boreal forest soils

Background, aim and scope  Chlorine is an abundant element, commonly occurring in nature either as chloride ions or as chlorinated organic compounds (OCls). Chlorinated organic substances were long considered purely anthropogenic products; however, they are, in addition, a commonly occurring and important part of natural ecosystems. Formation of OCls may affect the degradation of soil organic matter (SOM) and thus the carbon cycle with implications for the ability of forest soils to sequester carbon, whilst the occurrence of potentially toxic OCls in groundwater aquifers is of concern with regard to water quality. It is thus important to understand the biogeochemical cycle of chlorine, both inorganic and organic, to get information about the relevant processes in the forest ecosystem and the effects on these from human activities, including forestry practices. A survey is given of processes in the soil of temperate and boreal forests, predominantly in Europe, including the participation of chlorine, and gaps in knowledge and the need for further work are discussed. Results  Chlorine is present as chloride ion and/or OCls in all compartments of temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. It contributes to the degradation of SOM, thus also affecting carbon sequestration in the forest soil. The most important source of chloride to coastal forest ecosystems is sea salt deposition, and volcanoes and coal burning can also be important sources. Locally, de-icing salt can be an important chloride input near major roads. In addition, anthropogenic sources of OCls are manifold. However, results also indicate the formation of chlorinated organics by microorganisms as an important source, together with natural abiotic formation. In fact, the soil pool of OCls seems to be a result of the balance between chlorination and degradation processes. Ecologically, organochlorines may function as antibiotics, signal substances and energy equivalents, in descending order of significance. Forest management practices can affect the chlorine cycle, although little is at present known about how. Discussion  The present data on the apparently considerable size of the pool of OCls indicate its importance for the functioning of the forest soil system and its stability, but factors controlling their formation, degradation and transport are not clearly understood. It would be useful to estimate the significance and rates of key processes to be able to judge the importance of OCls in SOM and litter degradation. Effects of forest management processes affecting SOM and chloride deposition are likely to affect OCls as well. Further standardisation and harmonisation of sampling and analytical procedures is necessary. Conclusions and perspectives  More work is necessary in order to understand and, if necessary, develop strategies for mitigating the environmental impact of OCls in temperate and boreal forest soils. This includes both intensified research, especially to understand the key processes of formation and degradation of chlorinated compounds, and monitoring of the substances in question in forest ecosystems. It is also important to understand the effect of various forest management techniques on OCls, as management can be used to produce desired effects.     

安徽地区近45年蒸发皿蒸发量变化特征及影响因素初探

利用线性倾向性估计和Mann Kendal检验方法,研究了过去的45年（1963~2007年）安徽地区32个代表站 20 cm 口径蒸发皿蒸发量的变化特征。结果表明：（1）安徽地区蒸发皿蒸发量呈现明显下降趋势（-65.3 mm/10 a,信度001）,年蒸发总量在1976年发生突变,1982年显著减少,夏季突变最为明显;（2）32个代表台站中24个台站蒸发皿蒸发量表现为显著下降趋势,仅1个表现为上升趋势（信度005）,在空间上减少趋势基本呈现“北多南少”的态势。结合其它气候要素研究发现：气温显著升高,蒸发量明显减少,即安徽地区存在“蒸发悖论”规律,但气温与蒸发量之间相关性不明显;日照,日较差和风速存在显著减少趋势,相关性〖JP+1〗分析表明它们是影响蒸发皿蒸发量减少的最重要因子;低云量,降水量和相对湿度等要素本身没有明显变化趋势但对蒸发皿蒸发量的减少作用也不可忽视。     

试从地理学视角探讨区域综合竞争力的指标体系

区域综合竞争力是当今各国政府与学术界普遍关注的发展问题之一,它源于20世纪70年代西方发达资本主义对国家竞争力的研究,并盛行于欧美发达国家。直至今天,发展中国家纷纷参与到全球竞争力的评价体系中来。大多数学者基于经济学和管理学角度对其作了深入的研究。受学科限制和全球经济一体化的影响,从经济学角度研究竞争力,一般较少考虑地区资源、环境等区域发展的承载基础,忽略了地理要素是构成区域综合竞争力的重要部分,并对竞争力发挥持续作用。从地理学视角,探讨地理环境要素对综合竞争力形成与发展的影响作用,在此基础上构建评价指标体系,认为区域综合竞争力是由区域资源禀赋、区域整体实力、区域发展潜力和区域创新环境4个部分支撑,48个具体指标构成。该指标体系的构建是为了能给地区经济社会的发展、国际竞争力的提高提供新的思路。     

Quantifying disturbance effects on vegetation carbon pools in mountain forests based on historical data

Although the terrestrial carbon budget is of key importance for atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, little is known on the effects of management and natural disturbances on historical carbon stocks at the regional scale. We reconstruct the dynamics of vegetation carbon stocks and flows in forests across the past 100 years for a valley in the eastern Swiss Prealps using quantitative and qualitative information from forest management plans. The excellent quality of the historical information makes it possible to link dynamics in growing stocks with high-resolution time series for natural and anthropogenic disturbances. The results of the historical reconstruction are compared with modelled potential natural vegetation. Forest carbon stock at the beginning of the twentieth century was substantially reduced compared to natural conditions as a result of large scale clearcutting lasting until the late nineteenth century. Recovery of the forests from this unsustainable exploitation and systematic forest management were the main drivers of a strong carbon accumulation during almost the entire twentieth century. In the 1990s two major storm events and subsequent bark beetle infestations significantly reduced stocks back to the levels of the mid-twentieth century. The future potential for further carbon accumulation was found to be strongly limited, as the potential for further forest expansion in this valley is low and forest properties seem to approach equilibrium with the natural disturbance regime. We conclude that consistent long-term observations of carbon stocks and their changes provide rich information on the historical range of variability of forest ecosystems. Such historical information improves our ability to assess future changes in carbon stocks. Further, the information is vital for better parameterization and initialization of dynamic regional scale vegetation models and it provides important background for appropriate management decisions.     

好氧与厌氧氨氧化复合颗粒污泥完全自营养脱氮影响因素

采用间歇实验,考察了初始NH⁺₄-N浓度、DO浓度和pH对颗粒污泥完全自营养脱氮的特性的影响。研究表明,在完全自营养脱氮系统中,当DO为0.6～0.8 mg/L,pH控制在7.5～7.8时,好氧氨氧化和厌氧氨氧化速率在一定范围内随NH⁺₄-N浓度（30～150 mg/L）的增加而增加,较高的氨氮浓度能提高自营养脱氮反应速率。较高的DO有利于提高亚硝酸盐氧化速率,但会导致亚硝酸盐的积累;DO浓度过低时,好氧氨氧化过程受到抑制。NH⁺₄浓度为36 mg/L,DO控制在0.6～0.8 mg/L的条件下,当pH值为7.8时,完全自营养脱氮的效果最佳,总氮去除速率达最大值为23.976 mg/(g MLSS·d)。     

电动与渗透反应格栅联合修复镉污染地下水实验

通过实验方法研究了地下水中镉污染的电动力学修复效果,并分析其迁移变化特征。实验结果表明,电动修复中由于阴阳两极的氧化还原反应造成电极附近pH值产生明显变化,其中阳极附近的pH值由开始时的7.0逐渐变小到6.8,而阴极附近则相反,由开始时6.9逐渐增大到9.1,表明土壤的酸碱条件变化明显。Cd浓度变化反映在自然渗透条件下含水层中重金属污染物的迁移能力较弱,阳极附近地下水中Cd的去除率仅8.4%,而在电场作用下地下水中重金属的浓度发生明显变化,使得重金属污染物能在电极附近富集而被去除,当实验电场强度为0.5 V/cm时,Cd在阴极的累积使得阳极附近地下水中去除率为72.9%,说明电动修复重金属Cd污染地下水的效果明显好于自然渗透状态。     

铜污染土壤电动修复研究

应用实验方法研究了土壤重金属污染的电动力学修复方法,分析了土壤重金属污染物的迁移和变化特征。实验结果表明,在电场作用下土壤中重金属的浓度分布发生明显变化,使得大部分重金属能在电极附近富集而被去除。当实验的电场强度为0.5 V/cm时,在阳极附近土壤中铜的去除效率达到71.1%。阳极附近的pH值由开始时的6.8逐渐变小到4.4,而阴极附近则相反,由开始时的6.6逐渐增大到9.1,此外电动修复过程中电极附近的温度会发生相应的变化。     

Ecological and phytocenotic features of the bryophyte component of water protection forests on the Ufa Plateau

The composition of bryophytes in forests of the Ufa Plateau has been studied. The results obtained by ordination methods show that the coverage of epigeic mosses decreases with an increase in tree stand density and proportion of broadleaf tree species as well as in the coverage and average height of herbaceous layer. The main factors determining the distribution of epigeic mosses are illumination level, soil fertility, and the degree of soil development.