Crashes of novice teenage drivers: characteristics and contributing factors

OBJECTIVE: The initial months of licensure are especially hazardous for teenagers. Factors leading to crashes of novice 16-year-old drivers were identified. METHOD: Sixteen year-olds in Connecticut who were involved in nonfatal crashes during the first 8 months of licensure were interviewed, and police crash reports were examined. Crash types and contributing factors were identified. RESULTS: Three-fourths of the crash-involved teenagers were at fault. Their crashes resulted primarily when they ran off the road, rear ended another vehicle, or collided with another vehicle that had the right-of-way. Three factors contributed about equally to their crashes: failing to detect another vehicle or traffic control, speeding, and losing control of the vehicle or sliding. Slippery roads also were an important factor. Most failures to detect another vehicle or traffic control involved not looking thoroughly, distraction, or inattention. DISCUSSION: Based on the findings, potential countermeasures for reducing crashes of novice teenage drivers include adequate practice driving, in-vehicle monitoring devices, and electronic stability control. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: More than half of the nonfatal, at-fault crashes of newly licensed 16-year-old drivers involved more than one contributing factor including speed, loss of control, and slippery roads. Efforts to reduce teenage crashes should focus on these factors.     

涂料生产过程中的毒性分析

涂料生产所使用的原料和产品绝大部分是易燃、易爆和有毒的化学危险物质,这就决定了在涂料的生产过程中极易引发火灾和职业病伤害,其中职业中毒是较为突出的问题.对涂料生产过程中的有害因素、毒物分布、中毒途径以及中毒原因作了较为详细的介绍.     

Differences in urban and rural accident characteristics and medical service utilization for traffic fatalities in less-motorized societies

Introduction

Fatalities from traffic accidents in less-motorized societies are an important global issue. We aimed to characterize the geographic differences of fatalities in such societies to facilitate the development of targeted interventions.

Method

This study linked police reports, hospital data, and vital registration data from Taiwan with special reference to accident factors in pre-hospital deaths and medical care in hospital deaths.

Results

A higher percentage of pre-hospital deaths were observed following rural as compared to urban traffic accidents. The deaths due to rural accidents can be attributed to lower use of restraints (i.e., helmets or seat belts), lower percentage of motorcyclists, and more highway accidents. A higher percentage of victims in rural accidents were transported to distant medical centers rather than to local hospitals.

Conclusion

Specific interventions, such as intelligent emergency medical systems, campaigns for helmets and seat belt usage, enforcement of helmets and seat belt use, and speed control measures should be targeted to rural areas.

Impact on industry

Cooperation between the vehicle industry and emergency medical providers in rural traffic accident rescue teams may decrease the numbers of deaths in these regions.     

高强度连作下露天菜地土壤次生盐渍化及其影响因素研究

采集佛山市南海区露天菜地表层土壤,测定其硝酸盐含量和全盐量,分析珠江三角洲典型区域蔬菜地土壤次生盐渍化的发生现状和原因,为制定合理的施肥和管理措施提供科学依据。结果表明,1)136个土壤样本硝态氮质量分数在1.070～854.4mg/kg,平均值为194.3mg/kg,有19.9%的土壤样本硝态氮质量分数超过300mg/kg,已达到极高水平;全盐质量分数在0.02～2.7g/kg,平均值为1.2g/kg,有12.5%的土壤样本全盐质量分数已超过2.0g/kg的轻度盐化标准。2)土壤硝态氮质量分数与全盐质量分数之间具有一定的相关性,经统计检验相关系数达极显著水准(r=0.5665,n=131,P<0.01)。3)高强度连作露天菜地土壤的硝态氮质量分数和可溶性盐分浓度已经接近多年塑料大棚水平。4)综合而言,导致土壤次生盐渍化的原因有气候条件、土壤质地、地下水位、灌溉方式、不合理施肥等,而过量施肥及高强度连作可能是引起南海区露天菜地土壤次生盐渍化的主要因素。     

Modelling dynamics of managed tropical rainforests—An aggregated approach

The overuse of rainforests in the last century and its consequences necessitate a rethinking of logging policies. To this end models have been developed to simulate rainforest dynamics and to allow optional management strategies to be evaluated. Parameterisation of presently existing models for a certain site needs a lot of work, thus the parameterisation effort is too high to apply the models to a wide range of rainforests. Hence, in this paper we introduce the simplified model FORREG using the knowledge we have gained from a more complex model, FORMIX3-Q.     

人工湿地基质除磷研究进展

基质除磷被认为是人工湿地磷去除的主要方式,除磷效果不仅受基质自身物理化学性质的影响,还受水力条件、磷负荷、pH值、季节、温度、有机负荷、溶解氧、干湿交替等因素的影响。本文较系统分析了湿地基质除磷的作用机理和基质除磷效率的影响因素,最后对今后研究的方向进行了展望。     

Developing and Implementing Multiple-Use Forest Management Planning in Turkey

This paper explains briefly the conceptual framework of an ecosystem-based multiple-use forest management planning focusing on biodiversity conservation and participation. Some results from a case study were documented to realize the implementation of the concept. A strong liaison between the related institutions and major stakeholders and the effective use of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) are necessary. Effective participation is evident only with the involvement of enthusiastic and skillful stakeholders. A case study of ??neada, Turkey, supported the idea that participation as communication has better possibilities to promote multiple-use forest management than participation as information gathering. Primary challenges relate to the effectiveness of conservation program, availability of coherent biodiversity data, capacity building; awareness, training, and common understanding of biodiversity and protected area concept; coordination among the related institutions and stakeholders; and willingness and enthusiasm of authorities to accept and implement the concept.     

Forest Restoration and Forest Communities: Have Local Communities Benefited from Forest Service Contracting of Ecosystem Management?

Conservation-based development programs have sought to create economic opportunities for people negatively impacted by biological diversity protection. The USDA Forest Service, for example, developed policies and programs to create contracting opportunities for local communities to restore public lands to replace jobs lost from reduced timber harvest. This article examines 12 years of Forest Service land management contracting in western Oregon, Washington, and northern California to evaluate if contractors located in communities near national forests have been awarded more land management contracts and contract value over time. We find that land management contracting spending has declined dramatically and, once we control for intervening factors, we find that local contractors have received a smaller proportion of land management contracts over time.     

虚拟仪器在机械振动试验台检测中的应用

本文介绍了基于LabVIEW虚拟仪器的机械式振动试验台检测系统的构成,工作流程和LabVIEW在其中的应用,以此展示虚拟仪器技术使得现代检测系统变得更加简单、方便、有效。