Sorption and desorption of lindane by wood charcoal in fixed‐bed reactor

Abstract

Sorption and desorption of lindane (y‐HCH) by wood charcoal (WC) and wood charcoal treated by 1N HNO₃ (WCT) in fixed‐bed reactor (FBR) were investigated in this study. WCT revealed a better performance than WC, in removing lindane in FBR. The breakthrough of lindane was significantly affected by the size of WCT, flow rate to the FBR, and depth of WCT bed. The removal of lindane in the presence of mixture of other pesticides was considerably reduced. The design parameters for FBR were calculated based on the bed‐depth service time (BDST) approach. Many parameters Viz. depth of sorption zone, velocity of sorption, sorbent use rate, critical bed‐depth, bed efficiency, and service time, were determined for design of the fixed‐bed. Using the material balance principle, the characteristics of the wave‐front were evaluated and found that the wave‐front velocity is approximately equal to the sorption velocity determined from the BDST approach. Desorption studies were performed in dilute organic solvent media and they gave an excellent performance in regeneration process.     

长江上游流域降雨侵蚀力变化对河流输沙量的影响

利用长江上游主要水文站1956~2010年输沙量数据和雨量站日降雨量时间序列资料,采用线性回归研究流域降雨侵蚀力与河流输沙量的关系,并估算长江上游各子流域降雨侵蚀力变化对河流输沙量的总体贡献。结果表明:长江上游降雨侵蚀力为2 362 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)到3 814 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a),多年平均值为3 006 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a);各子流域的年均降雨侵蚀力差异较大,其中乌江子流域最大,为5 055 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a),金沙江子流域最小(1 560 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)),不足乌江子流域的1/3。各子流域降雨侵蚀力的极值比大小嘉陵江 > 岷江 > 乌江 > 金沙江。长江上游流域以及子流域输沙量在1956~2010年间均呈总体下降趋势,各子流域年均输沙量大小金沙江 > 嘉陵江 > 岷江 > 乌江。降雨侵蚀力变化对长江上游输沙量变化贡献率为7%,对岷江、嘉陵江、乌江子流域输沙量变化的贡献率分别为36%、20%、9%。总体来说,降雨对长江上游输沙量变化的影响不如人类活动的影响大。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定硝基苯类化合物的曲线选择

采用四极杆质谱和离子阱质谱,分别测定硝基苯类化合物,进行曲线的拟合。对结果详细分析并探讨2种质谱仪在分析硝基苯类化合物时的异同。结果表明,二次曲线比一次曲线更加适用,离子阱质谱的线性全面优于四极杆质谱。     

Is there a Kuznets curve for cropland use? The evidence from international panel data

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis assumes the nonlinear relationship between production and its environmental effects, suggesting that the negative effect of production on the natural environment is reversed at higher levels of development. In contrast to the majority of the studies, this paper considers the possibility of non-linear effects of per capita output on agricultural land use (cropland), as one of the natural resource stocks, and additionally examines the influence of demographic and productivity variables on the agricultural land use. The study draws on panel data from 143 economies over the 1990–2019 period and employs a series of panel econometrics techniques (including panel unit root and cointegration tests, panel ordinary least squares, generalized method of moments, and panel quantile models). The results unequivocally indicate the inverted U-shaped relationship between the GDP per capita and cropland use, as per EKC hypothesis. The results are robust with respect to employing different techniques, the identified turning points correspond to low and low-middle-income levels, and the effects of agricultural productivity and population density on land use are respectively negative and positive.     

PM2.5中典型水溶性离子在线观测标准曲线优化研究

为了研究在线离子色谱法测定大气PM2.5中NH4^+、NO3^-、SO4^2-的不确定性来源,探讨了标准曲线的浓度范围及浓度梯度设置对离子浓度结果的影响,并对标准曲线设定方案进行了优化。结果表明:不同浓度范围的标准曲线对于NH4+的浓度结果有较大的影响,存在1. 87%~14. 91%的偏差,对于NO3^-、SO4^2-的影响较小,相对偏差分别为2. 94%和2. 82%;非均匀布点和均匀布点标准曲线定量NH4+的结果存在4. 15%~4. 25%的偏差,对于NO3^-和SO4^2-,相对偏差分别为0. 10%和5. 99%。对于二次拟合的NH4^+,在样品浓度波动较大时,可以将样品划分为低浓度范围和高浓度范围,分别选用低浓度段标准曲线和高浓度段标准曲线,以期得到更合理的浓度结果。     

Development of double-variable seismic fragility functions for oil refinery piping systems

Seismic risk assessment of piping systems, as a group of vulnerable facilities in oil refineries, is mostly based on the single-variable fragility curves. However, it is well-known that the fragility curves, developed based on a single intensity measure (IM), are not much reliable. For increasing the confidence level of seismic risk assessment of piping systems, it was tried, in this study, to develop double-variable fragility functions by using peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV) together as the IMs. For this purpose, the piping system of the ISOMAX Unit of Tehran oil refinery was considered, and modeled by a powerful finite element analysis program under various loadings, including gravity, pressure and seismic loads. For seismic analyses 157 set of three-component earthquake records were employed, with PGA and PGV values varying respectively from around 0.1 g–0.6 g and 10 cm/s to 60 cm/s. By using the nonlinear time histories analyses results, two single-IM fragility curves and one double-IM fragility surface were developed based on the probability of exceedance of the maximum created stress, considered as the ‘damage index’, from the allowable stress. The results indicate that using PGA and PGV jointly, as the IMs in the development of fragility functions, provides more reliable vulnerability estimations. For example, the single-IM fragility function gives, for PGA = 0.2 g, a probability of exceedance of 75%, while by using the double-IM fragility function this probability may change from 30% for PGV = 10 cm/s to 95% for PGV = 60 cm/s.     

内蒙古雪灾保险费率的厘定——基于自然灾害系统理论的研究

中国巨灾保险赔款占直接经济损失的比率比国际平均水平低的多,2008年初南方雨雪冰冻灾害和"5.12"汶川地震两次巨灾过后,国家加紧推进巨灾保险体系的建立。其中,巨灾保险费率厘定是基础。基于自然灾害系统理论,构建了以危险性曲线和脆弱性曲线为核心的巨灾风险保险费率厘定方法体系,改进了以往农业保险仅从致灾因子角度厘定费率的片面性。最后,借鉴美国洪水保险、日本地震保险以灾种为对象(而非承灾体种类为对象)构建巨灾保险体系的优势,以雪灾保险为例,厘定了内蒙古12盟市雪灾保险费率。结果显示,位于中部地区的锡林郭勒盟雪灾保险费率最高,为3.10%;位于西部地区的阿拉善盟、乌海市雪灾保险费率最低,为1.09%。     

汶川地震对四川及周边省区旅游业的影响

依据本底趋势线理论和1997-2008年统计数据,从更高的时空分辨率上,完成了汶川地震对四川及其周边省区旅游业影响的分析,结果显示:①2008年5-12月地震共使四川入境旅游损失112.1万人,国内旅游损失4 410.7万人,损失率分别为61.4%和22.4%;②四川北部主要旅游景点旅游业损失惨重,各景点游客损失率均达到了67.0%以上,其中,九寨沟、都江堰游客损失量较大,分别为212.2万人和194.7万人;③四川周边省区入境旅游遭受了不同程度的冲击,其中,湖北、甘肃损失量最大,分别为35.1万人和26.9万人;各省区受地震影响时间存在较大差异,地震影响期以甘肃最长,其影响期将超过8个月;④2008年汶川地震对四川及其周边省区旅游业的影响,其游客损失量与客流量基数(本底值)成正比;游客损失率与2008年本底值(基数)成反比;损失量和损失率两者均与汶川地震烈度分布存在一定的正比关系,以汶川为中心大致成同心圆状分布。     

基于时空分布特征的煤层瓦斯测压准确性研究

为获得真实可靠的现场实测煤层瓦斯压力,实现煤层突出灾害等级科学评价和精准防治,通过理论分析、数值模拟和现场验证相结合的方法,以双重孔隙介质为基础,根据煤层瓦斯流动模型和瓦斯压力恢复曲线,分析煤层瓦斯压力测定的时空分布及准确性,并以桃园煤矿Ⅱ1采区10煤层为例,开展工程验证.研究结果表明:当基质瓦斯压力与裂隙瓦斯压力处于...     

Effects of land-use pattern change on rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relations: a case study in Zichang watershed of the Loess Plateau of China

The purpose of this article is to identify the effect of land-use pattern on rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relations in Zichang Watershed of the Loess Plateau. From 1986 to 1997, many farmlands changed into grassland or woodland, especially the farmland in steep slope positions or far away from the river. The change of land-use pattern altered the rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relationships, and led to higher slope of trend curves(STCs) of annual rainfall-runoff mass curve and runoff-sediment mass curve in 1990s than that in 1980s. It is implied that more soil and water loss yielded in 1990s. In order to reduce soil loss, more attentions should be paid to land-use pattern and some grass or other herbaceous filter strips should be built along rivers.