Effect of scale on freely propagating flames in aluminum dust clouds

The majority of experimental tests done on combustible dusts are performed in constant volume vessels that have limited or no optical access. Over the years, McGill University has been developing alternative experimental techniques based on direct observation of dust flames, yielding reliable fundamental parameters such as flame burning velocity, temperature and structure. The present work describes two new experimental set-ups allowing direct observation of isobaric and freely propagating dust flames at two sufficiently different scales to test the influence of scale on dust flame phenomena. In the laboratory-scale experiments, a few grams of aluminum powder are dispersed in transparent, 30 cm diameter latex balloons that allow for full visualization of the spherical flame propagation. In the field experiments, about 1 kg of aluminum powder is dispersed by a short pulse of air, forming a conical dust cloud with a total volume of about 5 m³. High-speed digital imaging is used to record the particle dispersal and flame propagation in both configurations. In the small-scale laboratory tests, the measured flame speed is found to be about 2.0 ± 0.2 m/s in fuel-rich aluminium clouds. The burning velocity, calculated by dividing the measured flame speed by the expansion factor deduced from thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, correlates well with the previously measured burning velocity of about 22–24 cm/s from Bunsen dust flames. Flame speeds observed in field experiments with large-scale clouds, however, are found to be much higher, in the range of 12 ± 2 m/s. Estimations are presented that show that the presumably greater role of radiative heat transfer in larger-scale aluminium flames is insufficient to explain the six-fold increase in flame speed. The role of residual large-eddy turbulence, as well as the frozen-turbulence effect leading to large-scale dust concentration fluctuations that cause flame folding, are discussed as two possible sources for the greater flame speed.     

Marine spatial planning: Coordinating divergent marine interests

Globally, ecosystem-based marine spatial planning has become a useful instrument to coordinate the planning of different authorities. This, for balancing different requirements when managing marine areas and space. In the planning process, ecology is setting limits to which human activities are acceptable to the society. The use of the marine environment can be planned similarly as the land environment. We argue that there are several aspects which must be taken into consideration. Marine activities have traditionally been planned and managed in a sectoral way. Today, it has become obvious that a more holistic, multi-sectoral and coordinated approach is needed in future successful marine planning and management. The increased awareness of the importance of the oceans and seas challenges the traditional sector division and geographical limits in marine policy and calls for better coordinated and coherent marine policies.     

基于TUV模式的对流层光解速率影响因子的研究

应用TUV辐射传输模式进行了一系列的敏感性试验,以期确定影响对流层O₃和NO₂光解速率的关键性因子.结果表明,气溶胶的光学性质对光解速率的影响存在明显差异.在气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）一定的情况下,散射性越强,近地面光解速率越大;当AOD从0.5增加至2.5,J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]极大值分别下降30.3%和13.1%.光解速率对较小的云光学厚度的变化比较敏感.云对J[NO₂]的影响存在明显的时间差异,在早晨和傍晚,J[NO₂]的衰减可以达到12%,而午时,J[NO₂]的衰减不足4%;在垂直方向上,云层的存在能够减小通过云层的光化辐射通量,有效降低云下光解速率,而云滴的后向散射特性能增大云上的光解速率.臭氧能够吸收300nm左右的紫外辐射,因而臭氧柱浓度变化对J[O¹D]有显著的影响,臭氧柱浓度从200DU增加至400DU,J[O¹D]极大值下降了53.1%,J[NO₂]极大值仅降低了1.0%.同时发现,气溶胶和云相对位置的改变对光解速率的垂直分布有较大的影响,气溶胶在云上时,高层的光解速率明显增大,且气溶胶的散射性越强,光解速率的增幅越大;当吸收性气溶胶位于云上时,使得高层光化辐射通量大量衰减,此时云层对于光解速率的影响比较微弱.     

基于葵花影像中国地区夜间云识别方法研究

目的实现适用于中国地区的夜间云识别。方法根据红外波段云与非云的亮温差异,采用亮温阈值法研究适用于中国地区的夜间云识别算法。中国地形高程差异明显,其地表辐射能量也存在较大差异,影响云检测结果精度,因而提出基于三个高程阶梯的云识别方法。由于云检测结果验证缺少可见光波段,使用MODIS云数据产品和雷达数据CALIPSO分别做定性和定量验证。结果云检测区域与MODIS的MYD06云产品基本一致,CALIPSO雷达数据四个月的平均验证结果为:非云区域的提取精度约77.86%,云区域的提取精度为79.67%,将有云区域错提为非云的误差率为2.76%,而将非云区域误提取为有云区域的错误率为12.31%。结论利用日本静止气象卫星Himawari-8影像数据,根据阈值法提出的基于三个高程阶梯的云检测算法,较好地实现了适用于中国地区的夜间云识别。     

云水和云下冲刷颗粒物与气态污染物对降水中硫酸盐和硝酸盐的贡献

为定量云水和云下冲刷分别对降水中SO₄2-、NO₃-的贡献,并进一步解析云下冲刷颗粒相和气相物质分别对降水样品中SO₄2-、NO₃-的贡献,于2016年4月-2017年2月采用APS-3A型降水自动采样仪对降水进行分段采集.采用离子色谱检测分段降水样品的ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）,分析其变化规律;在降水前、降水中及降水后同步采集并检测大气颗粒相ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）和气相ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）,分析颗粒相中ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）和气相中ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）的变化与分布.结果表明:①ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）在同一场降水的分段样品中呈逐渐降低至后期趋于平稳的趋势,说明降水对空气中污染物的冲刷使空气逐渐清洁,后期冲刷作用有限使得降水中离子质量浓度趋稳.②颗粒相中ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）与气相中ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）在降水前较高,在降水中减小,并在降水后回升,说明降水对颗粒相SO₄2-、NO₃-和气相SO₂、NO₂均有清除作用,降水结束后无云下冲刷作用,污染物质量浓度逐步回升.③云水对降水中ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）的贡献率分别为22%~56%（平均值为35%）、9%~49%（平均值为29%）,云下冲刷颗粒相SO₄2-、NO₃-对降水中ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）的贡献率分别为39%~69%（平均值为55%）、43%~73%（平均值为56%）,云下冲刷气相SO₂、NO₂对降水中ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）的贡献率分别为5%~17%（平均值为10%）、5%~19%（平均值为15%）.研究显示,降水中SO₄2-、NO₃-主要来源于云水和云下冲刷颗粒相SO₄2-、NO₃-,而来源于云下冲刷气相SO₂、NO₂较少.      

基于逸度方法的辽东湾海水-沉积物中多环芳烃扩散行为

为研究辽东湾PAHs（多环芳烃）在海水-沉积物之间的扩散行为,于2014年5月对辽东湾14个采样点海水和沉积物中的16种PAHs进行了调查研究,并采用逸度方法、变异系数、响应系数等统计和计算方法对研究结果进行分析.结果表明:辽东湾海水中ρ（∑PAHs）和沉积物中w（PAHs）的平均变异系数分别为0.25和0.39,属于中等变异,高分子量PAHs的变异系数高于低分子量PAHs;利用ff（逸度分数）评估PAHs在海水-沉积物间的扩散行为,Nap（萘）、Acp（苊）和Fl（芴）表现出从沉积物向海水释放,沉积物是二次释放源;Ace（二氢苊）、Phe（菲）、An（蒽）、Flu（荧蒽）、Pyr（芘）、BaA（苯并[a]蒽）、Chr（?）在海水-沉积物之间接近平衡状态,5环和6环PAHs则表现出从海水向沉积物沉降富集,沉积物是汇;有机碳和碳黑是影响PAHs在沉积物和海水之间扩散的重要参数.研究显示,7种潜在致癌PAHs[BaA、Chr、BbF（苯并[b]荧蒽）、BkF（苯并[k]荧蒽）、BaP（苯并[a]芘）、InP（茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘）和DbA（二苯并[a,h]蒽）]海水-沉积物之间的扩散行为可能受到陆源排污和海上石油开发活动的影响.      

长江口沉积物重金属赋存形态及风险特征

基于长江口沉积物8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)总量与形态在丰、平、枯水期以及14个典型点位的分布特征,通过平衡分配法建立了长江口沉积物质量基准(SQGs),并以此评价长江口沉积物重金属生态风险,揭示重金属生态风险与其形态特征间的相关关系.结果表明,除Cd之外,长江口沉积物重金属以残渣态为主导形态,尤其是As、Cr、Hg,其残渣态含量均为90%以上.长江口As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的沉积物质量基准分别为43.29、0.672、79.65、19.08、0.569、339.09、30.87、411.36μg·g~(-1).Cu的生态风险程度最高,对水生生物具有较大的毒性影响,应当引起重视.河口上游受到长江径流影响大,在丰水期风险较高,在平水期和枯水期则风险偏低;而下游受上海等城市排污影响较大,风险较高(尤其在平水期和枯水期).8种重金属的生态风险与赋存形态之间表现出3种不同的相关关系.     

国家保护地体系建设：西方标准反思与中国路径探讨

借鉴西方标准曾对我国保护地制度的建立起到了重要作用。然而,当前国际标准对我国已建立起来的保护地体系已经显现出不适用,因此有必要对其进行反思。回溯我国及世界保护地制度的建立过程及其关联,由于我国在国际保护地标准制定过程中参与度过低,导致我国保护地的特性与发展阶段需求在国际标准中体现不足。我国保护地具有的文化景观属性,即传统的“天人合一”的环境观与西方人和自然对立的思想截然不同。我国保护地面临着保护与发展双重挑战,直接将基于特定人口状况和发展阶段的保护地所制定的标准用于其他状况下的保护地,其合理性存在着问题。应更加批判地看待西方标准,积极探讨可持续和平发展的中国路径。     

基于云模型的水体富营养化程度评价方法

水体富营养化程度评价对生态环境保护具有重要意义.针对水体富营养化程度评价不可避免的模糊性和随机性的特点,本文引入云模型的方法,对我国14个代表性湖库的富营养化程度进行评价.根据确定的评价标准,生成各评价因子隶属于各级别的综合云模型,并针对湖库实测资料,得到各评价物的确定度,由最大确定度决定湖库营养化级别.将该法所得结果与湖库实际水质状况、国内外应用较为广泛且简便的营养状态指数、评分公式法及模糊综合评价法所得结果进行对比,发现评价结果真实可靠,计算过程简洁明了,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

CFD-based simulation of dense gas dispersion in presence of obstacles

Quantification of spatial and temporal concentration profiles of vapor clouds resulting from accidental loss of containment of toxic and/or flammable substances is of great importance as correct prediction of spatial and temporal profiles can not only help in designing mitigation/prevention equipment such as gas detection alarms and shutdown procedures but also help decide on modifications that may help prevent any escalation of the event.The most commonly used models - SLAB (Ermak, 1990), HEGADAS (Colenbrander, 1980), DEGADIS (Spicer & Havens, 1989), HGSYSTEM (Witlox & McFarlane, 1994), PHAST (DNV, 2007), ALOHA (EPA & NOAA, 2007), SCIPUFF (Sykes, Parker, Henn, & Chowdhury, 2007), TRACE (SAFER Systems, 2009), etc. - for simulation of dense gas dispersion consider the dispersion over a flat featureless plain and are unable to consider the effect of presence of obstacles in the path of dispersing medium. In this context, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been recognized as a potent tool for realistic estimation of consequence of accidental loss of containment because of its ability to take into account the effect of complex terrain and obstacles present in the path of dispersing fluid.The key to a successful application of CFD in dispersion simulation lies in the accuracy with which the effect of turbulence generated due to the presence of obstacles is assessed. Hence a correct choice of the most appropriate turbulence model is crucial to a successful implementation of CFD in the modeling and simulation of dispersion of toxic and/or flammable substances.In this paper an attempt has been made to employ CFD in the assessment of heavy gas dispersion in presence of obstacles. For this purpose several turbulence models were studied for simulating the experiments conducted earlier by Health and Safety Executive, (HSE) U.K. at Thorney Island, USA (Lees, 2005). From the various experiments done at that time, the findings of Trial 26 have been used by us to see which turbulence model enables the best fit of the CFD simulation with the actual findings. It is found that the realizable k-? model was the most apt and enabled the closest prediction of the actual findings in terms of spatial and temporal concentration profiles. It was also able to capture the phenomenon of gravity slumping associated with dense gas dispersion.