Cross-Boundary Cooperation in a Watershed Context: The Sentiments of Private Forest Landowners

Ecosystem management and sustainable forestry on mixed ownership landscapes will require some level of cross-boundary coordination or management. Oregon's experiment with local, voluntary, collaborative forums, called watershed councils, is one mechanism to foster cross-boundary management. Fifty qualitative, in-depth interviews in three study areas were conducted with nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners, watershed council members, and agency employees to learn how and why landowners participate (or not) on watershed councils. Study areas were located in three different areas of the state to reflect different ecological and organizational settings. Our case study identified three themes—stewardship ethic, property rights amid uncertainty, and action orientation—that were most salient among landowners when deciding to participate in their local watershed council. Other factors related to competing opportunities were also identified. Our results relate to the social psychological antecedents to cooperation of perceived consensus, group identity, and legitimacy of authority as well as to applied situations where cross-boundary coordination and management are goals.     

卫星云图资料同化中的质量控制及其在暴雨预报中的应用

以1996年7月3—4日发生在江淮流域的暴雨过程为例，依据统计特征分别以常规分析场、正涡度高值区、高低空急流为标准，设计了三套方案对卫星反演湿度场进行质量控制。利用中尺度MM5模式进行的数值试验表明：经质量控制后预报场得到较大改善；质量控制方案的优劣对预报效果有直接影响，选择合理的控制标准是重要的。     

ASSESSING CHANGES IN WATERSHED FLOW REGIMES WITH SPATIALLY EXPLICIT HYDRAULIC MODELS1

ABSTRACT: Urbanization, farming, and other watershed activities can significantly alter storm hydrographs and sediment erosion rates within a watershed. These changes routinely cause severe economic and ecological problems manifested in the form of increased flooding and significant changes in channel morphology. As the activities within a watershed influence the hydrologic, hydraulic, and ecological conditions within a river, interdisciplinary approaches to predict and assess the impacts that different land uses have on streams need to be developed. An important component of this process is ascertaining how hydrologic changes induced by specific watershed activities will affect hydraulic conditions and the accompanying flood levels, sediment transport rates, and habitat conditions within a stream. A conceptual model for using spatially explicit (two‐dimensional) hydraulic models to help evaluate the impacts that changes in flow regime might have on a river is presented. This framework proposes that reproducing and quantifying flow complexity allows one to compare the hydraulic conditions within urban, urbanizing, and non‐urban streams in a more biologically and economically meaningful way. The justification, advantage, and need for such a method is argued through the results of one‐ and two‐dimensional hydraulic model studies. The implementation of this methodology in watershed urbanization studies is described.     

乡镇企业环境问题的经济学分析及环境保护手段的选择

乡镇企业的发展一方面给我国农村劳动力提供了大量的就业机会,加快了我国的城市化进程,为我国的经济做出了重要的贡献;另一方面,由于生产要素、利益驱动等众多因素的影响,乡镇企业给资源和环境造成了巨大的耗竭和破坏。本文主要从经济学的角度来探究乡镇企业发展带来的环境问题的根源,进而选择一套适合我国乡镇企业特点的环境保护手段。     

Institutional frameworks to direct development and implementation of great lakes remedial action plans

Locally designed, institutional frameworks are being used to develop and implement remedial action plans (RAPs) to restore beneficial uses in 43 Great Lakes areas of concern. A 1993 Canada-United States roundtable was convened to learn from case studies and to develop recommendations regarding essential characteristics of RAP institutional frameworks, guidance to ensure linkages to other related plans, and ways of embracing new institutional frameworks from RAP development to implementation. Major roundtable recommendations are: (1) RAP institutional frameworks should be empowered to pursue their mission of restoring uses. Empowerment would be demonstrated by: a watershed focus, inclusive and shared decision-making, clear responsibilities and sufficient authority, creative funding capability, flexibility and continuity in the process, an iterative process of continuous improvement, and commitment to education and outreach. (2) RAP institutional frameworks should be used as mechanisms to coordinate programs at the local level. Such local coordination should be complemented with governmental commitments to intra- and interagency coordination in work plans. (3) RAP institutional frameworks can help build the capacity of governments to achieve their goals. Therefore, governments must adopt long-term, visionary goals and commit to a customer-driven RAP process of continuous improvement.     

灾害发生期的犯罪预防

本文探讨了灾害发生期的犯罪预防对策,认为在灾害发生期的不同时间进程中,犯罪预防工作有不同的重点和策略。灾害预报已经发出,灾害破坏作用尚未显露时,防范的重点是造谣惑众及封建迷信活动。灾害爆发时,对犯罪的首次打击效应十分重要。灾害爆发后,一定要迅速恢复和强化政法机关的职能活动,组织群众开展群防群治。随着灾害的持续或衰减,财产类犯罪开始抬头,且暴力倾向明显,此时应采取坚决措施,从重从快予以打击。     

Causative factors for vapour cloud explosions determined from past-accident analysis

Past-accident analysis shows that most dangerous incidents are related to process operations. Often these operations are carried out under high pressures and/or high temperatures. The consequences, therefore, are significant. A scientific analysis of past accidents which led to vapour cloud explosion has been performed. The analysis has provided vital information for most probable accident scenarios for a new situation. Factors such as chemical characteristics, its release mode, time etc. show trends and relationships for the occurrence of vapour cloud explosions.     

人的生命价值评估方法述评

评估生命价值最常用的两种方法是人力资本法和支付意愿法。用人力资本法评估生命价值的前提是人的生命可以用一个人未来的生产能力来计量,而用支付意愿法评估生命价值的前提是人的生命可以用一个人为降低死亡风险而愿意支付的货币金额来计量。支付意愿法又包括工资—风险法、消费市场法和条件价值法3种类型。工资—风险法通过分析一个人的工资与其工作风险之间的关系来估算生命价值;消费市场法关注的是人们在其进行消费决策时,在风险与价格之间的权衡;而条件价值法则是给定一个假定情景,请被访者对货币和风险进行直接权衡来估算生命价值。笔者对国内外生命价值评估研究进行述评,指出了各种评估方法的优缺点。支付意愿法已成为国外学者评估生命价值的主流方法,学习借鉴国外的研究经验,将这一方法运用于我国的生命价值评估研究是今后国内研究的一个方向。     

有毒重气在倾斜表面扩散的研究

为了研究有毒重气泄漏后在平面和斜面上的扩散情况,根据Kunsch和Webber提出的重气在倾斜表面上的扩散模型,在没有考虑有风的情况下,对氯气气云在倾斜表面上的等温扩散进行了计算,得出了氯气气云扩散时间、扩散范围与浓度的相互关系,评估了氯气扩散的危害程度.对计算结果与平面盒子模型结果比较发现,氯气在不同角度的斜面上和平面上的扩散速度和浓度变化有着显著的差异.得到的氯气在不同倾斜角度坡面的扩散状况查询图,对评估倾斜表面的重气扩散具有一定的意义,并且能够为管理和应急工作提供依据.     

Structure of flames propagating through aluminum particles cloud and combustion process of particles

Structure of flames propagating through aluminum particles clouds and combustion processes of the particles have been examined experimentally to understand the fundamental behavior of a metal dust explosion. The combustion process of individual aluminum particles in a flame propagating through the aluminum particles cloud has been recorded by using a high-speed video camera with a microscopic optical system, and analyzed. The flame is shown to be consisted of a preheat zone of about 3 mm thick, followed by a combustion zone of 5–7 mm thick. In the combustion zone, discrete gas phase flames are observed around each aluminum particle. Also an asymmetric flame around a particle is observed, which might be caused by an ejection of aluminum vapor from a crack of oxide shell surrounding the particle.