污染控制的信息手段及其在中国的应用

在总结对若干发达国家和发展中国家排污者行为所作的实证研究的基础上,论述了信息可以通过市场和社区对排污者行为起到独立的刺激作用;并在介绍对信息手段所做的研究和案例后,对该手段在中国污染控制中的应用进行了初步探讨.     

Development of Environmental Indicator Systems: Experiences from Germany

ABSTACT / Environmental indicator systems aim to improve both the information and communication on the state of the environment and the environmental policy making. They have to fulfill scientific, functional and pragmatic requirements, e.g., consideration of ecological context, transparency and reproducibility, comprehensibility, policy relevance, international comparability, and justifiable expenditure. This paper analyzes the experiences made with the development of the German environmental indicator system and draws general conclusions toward further improvements. For Germany, an indicator system has been developed that uses the pressure-state-response approach proposed by the OECD, together with a classification in 14 environmental themes. According to the general requirements, the main criteria used for selecting the indicators are the ecological significance of the indicator, its quantifiability and data availability, and its comprehensibility and policy relevance. Altogether, about 140 indicators are selected. This high number stresses the need for further high-level aggregation, e.g., using methods developed for the valuation process in LCA. Further improvement is also needed, especially for the development of response indicators and in the area of data systematization.     

A preliminary study on measurements of black carbon in the atmosphere of northwest Qilian Shan

Black carbon (BC) concentration and meteorological data are measured discontinuously from May 2009 to March 2011, at the Qilian Shan Station of Glaciology and Ecologic Environment (hereafter “QSSGEE”), located near the terminal of the Laohugou No.12 Glacier in northwestern Qilian Shan, China.We measured the daily, monthly and seasonal variations of BC concentration in the atmosphere and discussed the possible emission sources. Black carbon background concentration in this region varied in the range of 18-72 ng/m³ with the highest in summer and the lowest in autumn. The relations between BC concentration and surface wind direction indicated that BC concentration was higher when northwest wind prevails while lower when southeast wind prevails. Air masses backward trajectories showed the potential emission sources in the northwest. Significant positive correlations between daily mean BC concentration and relative humidity indicated that BC might be one of important cloud condensation nuclei. This hypothesis needs to be confirmed further through cloud microphysical features in this region.     

封闭型人造景观水体水质控制技术探讨

简要阐述了景观水体的作用、产生的问题,以及应用于景观水体水质控制的各种典型的水处理方法。通过对上海市9个封闭型人造景观水体水质控制措施的调研,探讨了控制该类水体水质的技术路线,分析了控制技术措施,提出了工程实施应用中的主要难题。     

Top-down法计算中国五氯酚钠消费分布

为履行<关于持久性有机污染物(POPs)的斯德哥尔摩公约>,中国将逐渐淘汰POPs的生产和使用,环境介质中POPs浓度监测和处置是履约工作的重要部分,而其消费分布的研究可以为监测和模型计算找出重点区域.采用Top-down法,根据当年全国的五氯酚钠消费,以药物灭螺面积、钉螺面积、血吸虫病流行村数等为替代数据,计算了各省份的五氯酚钠消费分布,并进一步计算出省内各市级地区的五氯酚钠消费分布.从2003年的计算结果来看,五氯酚钠消费最大的是湖北省和湖南省,两省五氯酚钠消费占到全国总消费的72.62%.最主要的地区是湖北省荆州市和湖南省岳阳市、常德市、益阳市,分别占全国总消费的15.25%、12.78%、11.72%、9.89%,总和占到全国总消费的49.64%,上述地区将成为今后研究和监测的重点区域.     

NOAA卫星云雾自动检测和修复方法

云雾在时间和空间上具有不稳定性。不同高度、厚度、面积和太阳高度角情况下，NOAA卫星可见光波段的海面反射率和红外波段亮度温度都不相同。据此，根据云雾光谱和红外特征，研究并找出了可见光波段海面最小反射率、云雾区最大反射率与云雾最佳判别阈值之间的关系，得出了不同月份东海海面最低温度和NOAA卫星红外波段亮温特征；通过采用光谱和结构分析相结合的方法，研究和研制了NOAA气象卫星云雾自动检测和修复模型，取得了较好的运行和检测、修复效果。     

珠江三角洲气溶胶云造成的严重灰霾天气

大气气溶胶的气候效应和环境效应研究是当今国际科技界的热门课题。近几年来，珠江三角洲地区的气溶胶污染日趋严重，气溶胶云一年四季都可以出现，造成空气质量和能见度下降。2003年10月底至11月初，珠江三角洲出现了一次空气质量和能见度均十分恶劣的灾害性极端气候事件。通过分析，发现其形成原因主要与台风在周边地区活动，形成该地区持续性下沉气流，使得混合层被明显挤压变薄有关。文章指出，系统认识珠江三角洲大气灰霾的形成机制、影响及其控制途径，建立和发展相应的预测、预报系统将为制定这一灾害性气候事件的控制标准和综合防治对策提供稳定的科学支持。     

锌冶炼用氧化锌富集物再生综合效益评价

针对锌冶炼用氧化锌富集物的再生效益进行评估,对推动锌再生资源利用的合理规划,支持环境管理的科学决策具有重要意义。以国内企业的调研结果为依据,建立包括经济效益、资源效益、环境效益和社会效益4个层面影响因素的氧化锌富集物再生综合效益评价指标体系;运用层次分析法（AHP）和基于指标相关性的权重确定方法（CRITIC）对指标进行组合赋权,再对采用黄金分割法划分的标准云进行修正,进而构建基于组合赋权-云模型的综合效益评价模型,并对江西某铅锌金属公司进行实例评价。结果表明：该企业氧化锌富集物再生制锌的综合效益水平较高,一级指标中资源效益水平高,环境、社会和经济效益水平较高,且环境效益和社会效益的评价结果不确定性更大。所得结果兼顾评价过程中的模糊性和随机性,提供了更加全面的锌冶炼用氧化锌富集物再生效益评价信息。

     

Climate change and the Western Himalayan community: Exploring the local perspective through food choices

The local belief systems are crucial for climate change adaptation. Even climate experts are unanimous about the fundamental association between local beliefs and climate change adaptation strategies. However, the local perspective is missing from the significant policy dialog platforms. The local beliefs can potentially serve as both objective and psychological refuge for local societies during climate-related emergencies. Similarly, only limited studies have acknowledged the significance of local food choices, providing a model for global responses to climate change. The objective of the study is (i) to explore the local community’s insights and awareness of climate change and (ii) to assess the impact on local food choices affecting their food security in the face of climate change in the Western Himalayan Region, India. The study is based on 210 in-depth household interviews and surveys in 10 villages of Uttarakhand, India. The exploratory factor and thematic analysis results highlight the significance of local perception of climatic variabilities, food choices, and beliefs in climate change adaptation policies. Hence, the current study’s outcomes emphasize on the integration and promotion of both scientific methods and local knowledge for inclusive climate change adaptation and food security policies in the Himalayan Region.     

Recent advances in electrochemical decontamination of perfluorinated compounds from water: a review

● Recent advances in the electrochemical decontamination of PFAS are reviewed. ● Underlying mechanisms and impacting factors of these processes are discussed. ● Several novel couped systems and electrode materials are emphasized. ● Major knowledge gaps and research prospects on PFAS removal are identified. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose serious human health and environmental risks due to their persistence and toxicity. Among the available PFAS remediation options, the electrochemical approach is promising with better control. In this review, recent advances in the decontamination of PFAS from water using several state-of-the-art electrochemical strategies, including electro-oxidation, electro-adsorption, and electro-coagulation, were systematically reviewed. We aimed to elucidate their design principles, underlying working mechanisms, and the effects of operation factors (e.g., solution pH, applied voltage, and reactor configuration). The recent developments of innovative electrochemical systems and novel electrode materials were highlighted. In addition, the development of coupled processes that could overcome the shortcomings of low efficiency and high energy consumption of conventional electrochemical systems was also emphasized. This review identified several major knowledge gaps and challenges in the scalability and adaptability of efficient electrochemical systems for PFAS remediation. Materials science and system design developments are forging a path toward sustainable treatment of PFAS-contaminated water through electrochemical technologies.