Fire and explosion disasters occurred due to the Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011)

The Great East Japan Earthquake (magnitude 9.0 Mw: the moment magnitude scale, based on the seismic moment of the earthquake) occurred at 14:46, March 11, 2011. It triggered huge tsunami waves (seismic sea waves) that reached heights of up to about 20 m. In this paper, the fire and explosion disasters occurred due to the Great East Japan Earthquake are reported shortly. Some fires occurred in seacoast areas after tsunami attacks and some of them were spreading very widely to the tsunami flooded areas. It is important to study the mechanisms of such fires (tsunami fires) for preparing huge tsunami. After the earthquake, a very severe accident happened in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Three reactors experienced full meltdown. During this disaster, hydrogen explosions occurred and made the situation more serious. It has to be realized once again that the countermeasures for hydrogen explosions is indispensable. Also Large scale BLEVEs (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions) happened at LPG storage area in an oil refinery in Chiba Prefecture. This accident started from the falling down of an LPG storage tank by earthquake motions. The tank was heavier than usual, as it was filled with water (1.7 times heavier than LPG) for periodic inspection. Considering these disasters, we have to think about how we prepare the accident of low probability and of very severe consequence. Recently, the risk based approach is widely utilized. However, for such disasters it seems not enough to perform safety management only by risk based approach. Not only probabilistic approach (Risk), but also deterministic approach (Emergency plan, Mitigation technique) should be taken in account.     

Predicting the flammable region reach of propane vapor clouds

Liquified gas fuels are widely used around the world, and the growth of LNG and LPG consumption continues to increase. However, using these fuels can lead to accidents if they are released to the environment. Consequently, the challenge to control and predict such hazards has become an objective in emergency planning and risk analysis. In a previous article the “Dispersion Safety Factor” (DSF) was proposed, defined as the ratio between the distance at which the lower flammability limit concentration occurs and that corresponding to the visible contour of a vapor cloud. Its interest was demonstrated by applying it to the specific case of an LNG spill. With the appropriate modifications, this factor may be applied to the dispersion of other substances; in this communication it is applied to the atmospheric dispersion of propane, and two expressions are proposed to estimate it. Due to the similarity between the properties of both gases, these expressions could probably be applied as well to the dispersion of propylene.     

针对NPP VIIRS数据的云检测方法研究

为了获得新型红外成像辐射仪套件(Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite, VIIRS)传感器准确的云掩码数据,克服当前VIIRS云检测算法在中国区域存在的部分缺陷.本研究通过分析当前较为成熟的中分辨率光谱成像仪(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)云掩码算法,结合VIIRS传感器的波段特性,提出了适合中国区域的云检测算法.针对1.38μm高(卷)云检测算法在高海拔区域存在的限制,本研究使用亮温进行辅助检测,降低因低水汽含量造成的误报;针对当前VIIRS M12-M13云检测阈值在我国存在误报的问题,对M12-M13差值云检测在我国适用范围和阈值进行了分析讨论,并使用亮温辅助M12-M13进一步克服地表二项性反射造成的干扰.使用中国区域的两景数据进行应用分析表明:亮温辅助1.38um高(卷)云检测能够较好的抑制地表污染,亮温辅助M12-M13差值云检测比当前VIIRS M12-M13云检测能更好的抑制误报.通过人工解译,将检测结果和解译结果做了对比分析,实例数据检测精度均高于85%,能够满足当前云检测精度要求.     

云计算在核安全分析中的应用研究

在进行核安全分析时,需要考虑核反应堆设计、运行、管理及计算评估等诸多方面的复杂问题。而人员进行风险评估会在很大程度上影响核电站的正常运行时间,并带来人因失误的不确定性增大。利用云计算,可以有效地解决核安全分析面临的资料繁杂,模型构造麻烦和信息不共通等缺点。提出核安全云的概念,将云计算与核安全分析结合起来,借助计算机平台对核电厂的选址定点、建造、调试、运行及退役过程中可能产生的风险进行分析计算,更全面的分析各种不利条件,及时地做出决策,可以有效的降低风险发生的概率以及降低计算成本,可更准确地实现核电站安全分析的目标。     

某金矿选矿厂粉尘回收的环境经济效益分析

针对某金矿选矿厂破碎筛分粉尘污染,采用袋式除尘技术,优化管道系统,不但实现了现场粉尘污染的有效控制和烟气达标排放,还回收有价金属粉尘并予以利用。项目的实施取得了良好的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益。项目年回收有价金属粉尘263．76 t ,直接经济效益21．1万元／a;通过人力资本法测算,项目实施产生的间接经济效益约为118．38万元。     

理论毒理学研究进展

毒理学是近代发展起来的科学,由于工农业生产的迅速发展,化学物质剧增,迄今登记在册的化学物质已超过2 600万种,每年还新增2 000多种,因此传统的毒性鉴定已远远不能满足时代的要求,针对各种化学物质的细致的毒理学研究更是难以实现。因此毒理学必须在理论层面实现突破,缩短研究时间,减少研究经费及人力、物力的消耗,同时可使化学物质得到更安全的应用。另外,动物保护已列入议事日程,不再允许大量使用动物做毒理方面的实验,这些促进了理论毒理学的发展。     

Risk assessment: an approach to control hazards in mines

Accidents and injuries related to work are major occupational health problems in most of the industrialized countries.Traditional approaches to manage workplace safety in mines have mainly focused on job redesign and technical aspects of engineering systems.It is being realized that compliance to rules and regulations of mines is a prerequisite;however,it is not sufficient to achieve further reduction in accident and injury rates in mines.Proactive approaches are necessary to further improve the safety standards in mines.Unsafe conditions and practices in mines lead to a number of accidents,which in turn may cause loss and injury to human lives,damages to property,and loss of production.Hazard identification and risk assessment is an important task for the mining industry which needs to consider all the risk factors at workplaces.Applications of risk management approaches in mines are necessary to identify and quantify potential hazards and to suggest effective solutions.In this paper,the following risk estimation techniques were discussed:(i)DGMS(Directorate General of Mines Safety,India)risk rating criterion,and(ii)a matrix based approach.The proposed tools were demonstrated through an application in an opencast coal mine in India.It was inferred that the risk assessment approach can be used as an effective tool to indentify and control hazards in mines.     

人力资本法评估农业污染地下水环境价值损失

应用人力资本法(HCA)评估了华北典型高产粮区地下水资源硝酸盐污染的价值损失.引用国外的研究结果,建立了硝酸盐污染浓度与健康损害的剂量反应关系,分病因预测了地下水污染超标区增加的死亡人口数量.按照潜在寿命损失人年(YPLL)的计算方法,构造了人力资本损失总量估算函数.应用该函数评估了研究区农业面源污染地下水资源的价值损失为860.8万元/a,相当于每公顷耕地面积上增加外部环境成本293.9元/a.     

阿尔金山国家级自然保护区管理机制的探讨

自然保护区的建设和管理是环境保护工作的一个重要方面。也是保护自然资源和生物多样性、建设现代文明的需要,因此对保护区管理的指导思想应立足于保护,着眼于开发,以保护带开发,以开发促保护,走保护与开发组结合的路子。为适应当前形势,切实加强阿尔金山自然保护区（国家级）的管理工作及体制的改革,作者从保护区的现状及存在的问题,探讨新形势下保护区的建设工作。为加强阿尔金自然保护区的建设和管理好自然保护区途径进行     

美国的流域保护方法(WPA)

本文简要介绍了美国许多州正在实施的流域保护方法,并就流域保护方法的作用、流域保护规划以及流域保护的计算机支持等方面提出了自己的看法。