有机负荷条件对间歇式气提内循环反应器中好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响

在R1、R2和R3共3组气提式内循环序批式反应器中启动好氧颗粒污泥工艺,探讨在无选择压作用下有机负荷对好氧颗粒污泥的形成及稳定性的影响.其中,R1、R2分别以7 kg.(m3.d)-1和3 kg.(m3.d)-1的目标COD负荷直接启动,R3以1.5kg.(m3.d)-1逐步增加至3 kg.(m3.d)-1的递增COD负荷方式启动.结果表明,3组反应器在启动期中均能快速形成好氧颗粒污泥,但以目标负荷启动方式易使好氧颗粒污泥反应器产生丝状菌污泥膨胀.通过对颗粒形成过程、粒径、性质以及胞外多聚物等指标分析,认为递增负荷的启动方式可有效抑制启动初期丝状菌污泥膨胀,且形成的颗粒更为稳定,生物降解效率更高.     

Performance and bioparticle growth of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) fed with low-strength domestic sewage

We investigated the performance of a 15.3 L capacity anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) toward the treatment of low-strength domestic wastewater. The start-up period of the ABR was finished within approximately 130 days at a temperature below 25°C. The average COD_Cr in the effluent was 165 mg·L^-1, and the corresponding COD_Cr removal efficiency of the ABR was 52.3%. During the third stage (from day 130 to day 233) of ABR operation, the average COD_Cr in the effluent reached 71 mg·L^-1, which meets the secondary discharge requirement of the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 18918-2002, China). Moreover, partial microbial separation was observed along the five ABR compartments through scanning electron microscopic images. The geometric mean diameter of bioparticles in the five compartments increased from 0.050 mm to 0.111, 0.107, 0.104, 0.110, and 0.103 mm during the start-up stage. After operation for 179 days, the corresponding diameters further increased to 0.376, 0.225, 0.253, 0.239, and 0.288 mm, respectively. The fractal dimensions of the bioparticles indicated that these particles have smoother surfaces and more compact structures during ABR operation. Morphological analysis of the bioparticle sections demonstrated that the bioparticles have a pore volume of 30%–55%. The highest porosity was observed for the bioparticles in the second ABR compartment, whereas the lowest fractal dimension of bioparticle section was observed in the fifth compartment.     

低温高铁锰氨氮地下水两级生物净化快速启动

为了实现东北地区低温（5~6℃）高铁、锰、氨氮（TFe：9~15mg/L，Fe²⁺：6~12mg/L，NH₃-N：1.4~2.0mg/L，Mn²⁺：1.4~2.0mg/L）地下水的净化及解决同层净化中运行稳定性差、出水锰超标的问题，在水厂净化车间开展“两级曝气+两级过滤”工艺启动研究，采用差滤速和同滤速2种启动方式分别启动两级生物净化工艺.结果表明，2种启动方式分别在106，59d启动成功.同滤速启动可以有效的缩短两级生物净化的启动时间，铁、锰、氨氮去除负荷可达110.69，18.80，19.54g/（m²·h），沿程分析发现，铁在一级滤柱的60cm处即被去除至痕量；85.08%的氨氮在一级滤柱中去除，沿程各段去除均匀，14.92%的氨氮在二级滤柱中去除；锰的去除率和氧化活性去除区位受滤速及进水氨氮浓度影响较大，33.72%的锰在一级滤柱中去除，66.28%的锰在二级滤柱中去除，锰的去除仍然是滤池成熟的决定性因素.     

厌氧氨氧化反应器启动方法的研究

研究了以自养型反硝化生物膜启动厌氧氨氧化反应器的可行性.结果表明,采用先培养自养型反硝化生物膜,再启动厌氧氨氧化反应器的方法,可在110d内成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,反应器的容积总氮负荷为0.145kg/(m³d),NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N去除率分别为98.59%和99.08%.启动初期,厌氧氨氧化反应器的出水pH值低于进水pH值,随启动过程的推进,进出水pH值趋向一致.稳态运行时,反应器内呈碱性,NH₄⁺-N去除量、NO₂^--N去除量和NO₃^--N生成量的比值为1:1.01:0.19.启动过程中,NH₄⁺-N去除量与NO₂^--N去除量、NO₃^--N生成量之间的比值,以及反应器内pH值和污泥颜色的变化,可以指示厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动进程.     

餐厨废水发酵液协同焦化废水EGSB启动的特性

在中温条件下,采用餐厨废水发酵液协同焦化废水的方法快速启动膨胀式颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）,通过分析化学需氧量、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、颗粒污泥浓度、颗粒污泥粒径分布（PSD）、胞外聚合物（ECP）、颗粒污泥表面形态及其内部结构等指标,探讨了反应器在不同驯化阶段的污泥特性和运行特性的变化。结果表明：通过逐步增加有机负荷和降低餐厨废水发酵液浓度份额,经69 d实现了反应器的快速启动,COD平均去除率达34%。颗粒污泥在依次完成解体、流失和修复的整个驯化过程中,其特性发生了显著变化,SS由接种时（36.66±0.63）g·L-1降至（29.76±0.65）g·L-1,mVSS/mSS平均值由0.69±0.01降到0.66±0.02;成熟的颗粒污泥以0.43~1.70 mm范围的小粒径颗粒污泥为主,污泥颗粒化程度（SGR）为86.63%。胞外多聚物（ECP）也显著降低,其平均值仅为（34.43±1.40）mg·g-1。扫描电镜显示,驯化成功的颗粒污泥表面和剖面的微生物种类和数量更加丰富,其组成元素也发生较大变化。     

IC厌氧反应器处理有机废水启动实验研究

设计了一套IC反应器装置,接种啤酒厂生产废水消化污泥,采用人工配水对其进行启动运行,考察了IC反应器的启动运行状况、效果及影响因素,并在反应器运行结束后观察了污泥状态的变化.结果表明,容积负荷提高至4.7 kg/(m3·d),出水COD浓度稳定在250 mg/L左右,去除率维持在85%以上,反应器内出现污泥分层现象,颗...     

厌氧氨氧化工艺快速启动策略及其微生物特性

为探讨种泥投加及氮负荷提升方式对厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonia oxidation, anammox）工艺启动中微生物丰度及群落结构的影响,采取先普通活性污泥驯化后再接种anammox种泥的方式启动anammox工艺。结果表明在活性迟滞阶段投加anammox菌种可以快速启动anammox工艺。通过缩短水力停留时间的方式增加氮负荷并可以避免直接提高进水氮浓度导致的基质毒性抑制,有利于达到更高的总氮去除负荷。稳定运行时反应器的氮去除负荷达0.51 kg·(m3·d)-1,anammox菌基因丰度为4.92×109 copies·g-1 (以VSS计),占细菌总数的2.70%。启动阶段,反应器内微生物多样性逐渐下降,检测到浮霉菌门中4个anammox菌属,以Candidatus Jettenia和Candidatus Kuenenia为主要anammox菌属。在接种污泥处于活性迟滞阶段时,结合提高进水氮浓度、缩短水力停留时间和投加anammox菌种的方式可以快速启动anammox工艺。     

升流式生物膜反应器中CANON工艺处理中低浓度氨氮废水的快速启动

为了实现中低浓度氨氮废水情况下CANON工艺的快速启动和稳定运行,在升流式生物膜反应器中,通过调控水力停留时间、溶解氧和回流比,研究进水氨氮浓度为200 mg·L⁻¹时CANON工艺的快速启动过程。结果表明：1~17 d,污泥处于驯化阶段,HRT为12 h,DO控制在0.1~0.2 mg·L⁻¹,50%的回流比满足污泥上升流态;18~60 d,HRT逐步缩短至8 h,DO控制在0.3~0.5 mg·L⁻¹,回流比增大至150%,AOB和 ANAMMOX在该阶段成功富集,填料上初步形成生物膜;61 d时,HRT缩短至6 h,加大回流比至200%,溶解氧控制在0.3~1.0 mg·L⁻¹,系统启动加速,此时,进水氨氮负荷增加至0.795 kg·(m³·d)⁻¹;运行至第93天,氨氮和总氮平均去除率分别达到95%和82%,ANAMMOX完成挂膜,CANON工艺成功启动。高通量测序结果显示,在整个启动过程中,优势菌群AOB和ANAMMOX的丰度呈增长趋势,启动完成时,生物膜中AOB占比19.46%,ANAMMOX占比22.49%,分别属于Brocadiaceae和Nitrosmonadaceae。CANON系统集成絮体、颗粒和填料挂膜3种污泥形态为一体,实现了在中低浓度氨氮废水中的高效稳定运行。     

Formation and destruction of PCDD/F inside a grate furnace

Formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans PCDD/F during the combustion process was investigated experimentally in a pilot plant. All important process steps like the burnout of the fuel bed on the grate, the burnout of the flue gas inside the combustion chamber, the heat recovery in a boiler as well as influences of the fuel composition are described in detail.

High concentrations especially of PCDF are formed during the burnout of the fuel bed. The formation reaction is mainly influenced by the fuel composition and the burnout characteristic of the fuel bed. Fuels with low chlorine and low metal content (Cu) result only in negligible concentrations of PCDD/F.

Under stable combustion conditions characterized by an excellent flue gas burnout PCDD/F will almost be completely destroyed already inside the combustion chamber. “Cold strands” of unburned flue gas (high CO concentrations) caused by disturbed combustion conditions will result in high concentrations of PCDD and especially of PCDF in the raw gas.

A second place of PCDD/F formation is the well-known boiler section. Here fly ash deposits containing residual carbon (mainly soot particles) are the source for the formation reaction. Under stationary effective combustion conditions, they are dominant for PCDD/F concentrations in the raw gas over a very long period of time.

Stationary efficient flue gas burnout (especially soot) together with effective boiler cleaning will guaranty low concentrations of PCDD/F in the flue gas in front of the flue gas cleaning system.