暴露与养护时间对混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响

随着暴露于实际环境中时间的延长,氯离子在混凝土中的扩散性能逐渐衰减。获取氯离子扩散性能与时间的关系是困难的,而养护时间对混凝土氯离子扩散性能也有影响。通过设计的人工气候环境下暴露和养护时间因素试验,测定了不同配合比、不同养护时间和暴露时间的混凝土中自由氯离子的浓度,并利用Fick第二定律分析了试验混凝土的氯离子扩散系数。分析和试验的结果表明,混凝土扩散系数随着暴露时间和养护时间的延长而降低,而暴露时间对混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响更加明显,且扩散系数的降低幅度有减缓的趋势。     

硅锰合金电炉烟气干法净化煤气回收的设计与分析

结合9000kVA硅锰合金电炉烟气净化,对干法烟气净化、煤气回收工艺中烟气参数的选取和控制、安全保证等问题进行了分析,并对其进行了技术经济性评价。     

GC × GC--A New Analytical Tool For Environmental Forensics

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, GC 2 GC, is a new analytical tool with a tremendous capability to separate and identify organic compounds in complex environmental samples. GC 2 GC uses two different chromatography columns coupled serially by a modulator to produce a volatility by polarity separation and distribute compound peaks across a two-dimensional retention time plane. The two-dimensional separation produces an order of magnitude more resolved peaks than traditional GC methods. The grouping or ordering of the peaks in the GC 2 GC chromatogram facilitates the identification of unknown compounds and the comparison of complex environmental samples. When a mass spectrometer detector is used, each resolved GC 2 GC peak yields a single-component, interference-free mass spectrum that leads to accurate matching with mass spectral libraries. GC 2 GC examination of marine sediment extracts identified a wide variety of chemical contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls, p -nonylphenol isomers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzotriazoles, and the alkane, cycloalkane, alkylbenzene, alkylnaphthalene, and biomarker fractions of petroleum. The two-dimensional GC 2 GC chromatogram image permits rapid screening of the sediment extracts for these and other unknown contaminants.     

球罐内甲烷气体泄漏形成的可燃气云规律研究

基于计算流动动力学(CFD)方法,以Fluent软件为平台,以大连新港某球罐区为研究对象,建立真实尺寸的球罐内可燃气体泄漏扩散数值模拟模型,分析甲烷扩散规律及可燃气云尺度.提出采用可燃气云稳定状态时的水平方向长度Lmax、竖直方向高度Dmax作为尺度的衡量参数,用以评估可燃气云区域的大小.探讨初始压力、泄漏孔径、正风向风速对尺度参数Lmax和Dmax的影响规律,并对比可燃气体种类对尺度参数的影响.结果表明:甲烷以临界状态通过泄漏孔时,初始压力对Lmax和Dmax的影响可以忽略;Lmax和Dmax随泄漏孔径增加而线性增大,但随正风向风速增加而线性减小;相同泄漏扩散条件下,氢气泄漏引起的可燃气云范围最大,甲烷次之,丙烷最小.     

太湖内源营养盐负荷状况及其对上覆水水质的影响

以太湖沉积物-上覆水界面为研究对象,于2013年夏季采集46个样点的沉积物柱状样,分析表层沉积物孔隙水中营养盐(正磷酸盐、氨氮、硝氮)的浓度空间分布,估算表层沉积物中磷、氮的扩散通量,明确营养盐在沉积物-水界面的分布规律,以探明内源营养盐负荷对太湖上覆水的污染贡献,并为沉积物-水界面氮磷的转移过程理论补充证据.结果表明:太湖西北部区域的表层沉积物孔隙水中正磷酸盐和硝氮浓度较高,分别达到1.11 mg·L~(-1)和1.25 mg·L~(-1)以上;大部分湖区的氨氮浓度超过2 mg·L~(-1).全湖区范围内,从表层沉积物的上覆水到孔隙水,氨氮含量呈现升高趋势而硝氮含量呈现降低趋势.北部3个湖湾区的沉积物营养盐扩散通量最高,正磷酸盐为2.69~4.60 mg·m~(-2)·d~~(-1),氨氮为17.8~45.7 mg·m-2·d~(-1),而湖岸河口区是沉积物硝氮内源释放显著的区域.沉积物向上覆水释放正磷酸盐和氨氮的年内源污染负荷分别为64.6 t·a~(-1)和1756 t·a~(-1);而上覆水向沉积物汇入硝氮的年负荷为1102 t·a~(-1).氨氮的内源污染负荷与外源污染负荷之比高达18.7%,氨氮、总磷和总氮内源污染为上覆水贡献的浓度分别为0.361、0.013和0.134 mg·L~(-1),表明自由扩散带来的内源负荷会使太湖水中营养盐污染恶化,需引起重视.     

Analysis of gas dispersion and ventilation within a comprehensive CAD model of an offshore platform via computational fluid dynamics

Maintaining an adequate air flow with a desired air quality that is free from hazardous gases is among the most important actions taken toward the improvement of safety in any process plant. Due to the increased focus on the consequences of existing hazardous material on safety, health, and the environment, air quality and sufficient ventilation within a plant has been increasingly considered in the design stage. This paper investigates and analyzes methane and hydrogen sulfite dispersion and the effect of air ventilation within a CAD model of an offshore platform using computation fluids dynamics (CFD). In addition, this method and its principals could be utilized in any other hazardous environment. Simulations of possible hazardous events along with solutions for preventing or reducing their probability are presented to better assess the data. These investigations are performed by considering hypothetical hazardous scenarios which consist of gas leakages from pipes and process equipment under different conditions. After drafting a precise and highly detailed CAD model of the plant and performing CFD simulations on this model, the results of gas behaviors, dispersion, distribution, accumulation, and its possible hazards are investigated and analyzed. The larger amount of details of the actual plant model in CFD simulation are obtained by using a combination of different methods and software. These include PDMS for 3-D drawing of the plan, Rinoceros for geometrical integration of the process equipment and facilities, and Sharc Harpoon which meshes the model. Moreover, the probability of inducing ignitable or toxic concentration of gases within the atmosphere and air ventilation of the unit is considered by these investigations.     

Interactive response of photosynthetic characteristics in Haloxylon ammodendron and Hedysarum scoparium exposed to soil water and air vapor pressure deficits

C₄ plants possess better drought tolerance than C₃ plants. However, Hedysarum scoparium, a C₃ species, is dominant and widely distributed in the desert areas of northwestern China due to its strong drought tolerance. This study compared it with Haloxylon ammodendron, a C₄ species, regarding the interactive effects of drought stress and different leaf–air vapor pressure deficits. Variables of interest included gas exchange, the activity levels of key C₄ photosynthetic enzymes, and cellular anatomy. In both species, gas exchange parameters were more sensitive to high vapor pressure deficit than to strong water stress, and the net CO₂ assimilation rate (A_n) was enhanced as vapor pressure deficits increased. A close relationship between A_n and stomatal conductance (g_s) suggested that the species shared a similar response mechanism. In H. ammodendron, the activity levels of key C₄ enzymes were higher, including those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malate enzyme (NADP-ME), whereas in H. scoparium, the activity level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate enzyme (NAD-ME) was higher. Meanwhile, H. scoparium utilized adaptive structural features, including a larger relative vessel area and a shorter distance from vein to stomata, which facilitated the movement of water. These findings implied that some C₄ biochemical pathways were present in H. scoparium to respond to environmental challenges.     

含硫气田采气污泥无害化处理技术研究

含硫气田在天然气开采、管道批处理、气田污水处理过程中,由于高压气流携带井底岩屑、单质硫析出、工艺添加的化学药剂反应产生沉淀物等因素,会产生一些成分复杂、有恶臭气味的固态物质,统称为采气污泥,影响生产安全和工艺参数调配,需要及时清理并无害化处置。结合固废减量化、无害化、资源化的处置原则,立足于企业自行处置的目的,本文就含硫气田采气污泥特性以及无害化处理的方法进行研究,对处理效果进行了分析,对废物综合利用进行了有益的尝试,为今后含硫气田污泥处理提供了一条可借鉴的思路。     

分散液液微萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定水中阿特拉津

建立了简便、快速、有效的分散液液微萃取(DLLME)-气相色谱/质谱技术萃取水样中痕量阿特拉津的新方法。通过试验确定最佳萃取条件。     

三峡库区库中干流及支流水体夏季二氧化碳分压及扩散通量

以三峡库区库中干流以及主要支流——梅溪河为研究区,于2013年5月对该区域水体中溶解二氧化碳分压(pCO2)进行了走航观测.结果表明,夏季梅溪河表层pCO2为6.8~7.5 Pa,三峡库区库中长江干流表层pCO2为201.4~210.2 Pa.在库区干、支流交汇的过渡区水体剖面上,表层水体pCO2最低为53.5 Pa,随着水深增加,pCO2急剧增大,在3 m处达到约210Pa后基本保持不变.通过计算,库区支流梅溪河和库区干流表层水体的CO2释放通量分别为-7.48 mmol·(m2·d)-1和39.58 mmol·(m2·d)-1.结果表明,库区支流梅溪河表现为大气中CO2的"汇",而库区干流表现为CO2的"源",库区干、支流水体在CO2的释放上有显著差异.