液-液萃取-气相色谱法同时测定地表水中17种硝基苯类和氯苯类化合物

建立了液-液萃取-气相色谱法同时测定地表水中17种硝基苯类和氯苯类化合物的方法.水中的硝基苯类和氯苯美化合物用乙酸乙酯/正己烷(2:1,体积比)混合溶剂提取,经DB-35ms色谱柱分离后用ECD检测.方法灵敏度高,萃取定容后即可进样分析,无需进行高倍浓缩,17种化合物分离良好,检测灵敏度高,水中检出限为0.03～0.08μg/L,比饮用水源地限值低1～4个数量级.本法在40.0～400 μg/L浓度范围内线性相关性良好,方法相对标准偏差为1.4％～5.2％,实际样品加标回收率为96.3％～106％.     

Experimental study on gas explosion and venting process in interconnected vessels

A pilot scale interconnected vessels experiment system was established, and the closed and vented gas explosion characteristics in the system were studied, using 10% methane–air mixture. Regularity of pressure variation in vessels and flame propagation in linked pipes was analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of transmission style, ignition position, pipe length, and initial pressure on explosion severity were discussed. For the closed explosion: explosion in interconnected vessels presents strongly destructive power to secondary vessel, especially transmission from the big vessel to the small one; the worst ignition position is shifting from ignition in the interconnected pipe to the walls of the two vessels; as far as ignition in big vessel is concerned, the peak pressure in secondary vessel increases with the pipe length much faster than that for ignition in small vessel; the peak pressures in two vessels are approximate linear functions of initial pressure. For the vented explosion: the transmission style and interconnected pipe length have significant impacts on the effect of venting on the protection; in order to obtain the better venting effect, the use of a divergent interconnected pipe from the big vessel to the small one in industry is advised and it is necessary to reduce the interconnected pipe length as far as possible or install flame arrester in the interconnected pipe.     

The acceleration of flames in tube explosions with two obstacles as a function of the obstacle separation distance

The separation distance (or pitch) between two successive obstacles or rows of obstacles is an important parameter in the acceleration of flame propagation and increase in explosion severity. Whilst this is generally recognised, it has received little specific attention by investigators. In this work a vented cylindrical vessel 162 mm in diameter 4.5 m long was used to study the effect of separation distance of two low blockage (30%) obstacles. The set up was demonstrated to produce overpressure through the fast flame speeds generated (i.e. in a similar mechanism to vapour cloud explosions). A worst case separation distance was found to be 1.75 m which produced close to 3 bar overpressure and a flame speed of about 500 m/s. These values were of the order of twice the overpressure and flame speed with a double obstacle separated 2.75 m (83 characteristic obstacle length scales) apart. The profile of effects with separation distance was shown to agree with the cold flow turbulence profile determined in cold flows by other researchers. However, the present results showed that the maximum effect in explosions is experienced further downstream than the position of maximum turbulence determined in the cold flow studies. It is suggested that this may be due to the convection of the turbulence profile by the propagating flame. The present results would suggest that in many previous studies of repeated obstacles the separation distance investigated might not have included the worst case set up, and therefore existing explosion protection guidelines may not be derived from worst case scenarios.     

Flame acceleration in unconfined hydrogen/air deflagrations using infrared photography

Flame behavior and blast waves generated during unconfined hydrogen deflagrations were experimentally studied using infrared photography. Infrared photography enables expanding spherical flame behaviors to be measured and flame acceleration exponents to be evaluated. In the present experiments, hydrogen/air mixtures of various concentrations were filled in a plastic tent of thin vinyl sheet of 1 m³ and ignited by an electric spark. The onset of accelerative dynamics on the flame propagation was analyzed by the time histories of the flame radius and the stretched flame speed. The results demonstrated that the self-acceleration of the flame, which was caused by diffusional-thermal and hydrodynamic instabilities of the blast wave, was influenced by hydrogen deflagrations in unconfined areas. In particular, it was demonstrated that the overpressure rapidly increased with time. The burning velocity acceleration was greatly enhanced with spontaneous-turbulization.     

基于CA-气团模型的市内重气扩散模拟与研究

针对市区内的固定地点出现重气泄露,并在街区内近地扩散的事实,构造了基于细胞自动机(Cellular automata)-气团模型,用以进行上述情况模拟.将气体的宏观扩散等效视为多个气团,使用细胞自动机生成气团的运动模型.将气团的特征表示为Qi(→V0i,xi,yi),参考高斯模型确定影响半径D用以区分浓度梯度扩散Sd和自由扩散Sf,并构造了边界接触条件.假设了模拟的市内环境,使用该模型在大气稳定状态下模拟氨气扩散.结果表明:气团的扩散符合实际情况,其在某区域的个数可以代表该区域重气浓度.模拟过程中也表现出了传统模型不具备的扩散特征,这些特征与重气的实际扩散过程更为相近,从而便于逃生和灾害控制.     

环己烷泄漏事故模拟与风险控制措施研究

环己烷具有闪点低、爆炸极限宽等特点,一旦发生泄漏,着火爆炸的危险性随时存在。利用计算流体动力学模拟的方法对工程项目中环己烷的泄漏事故进行模拟及风险分析,建立环己酮生产装置的全尺寸三维模型并进行仿真计算,模拟了不同泄漏场景所形成的环己烷可燃气体云团瞬态发展过程及影响范围,并对建构筑物的布局对可燃气体云团的扩散行为的影响进行研究。研究结果表明,通过优化建构筑物布局,可有效降低该装置环己烷的燃爆风险,为企业相关装置的总图布置及环己烷泄漏的安全监控和应急响应提供有价值的参考数据。     

LNG燃料动力船三维建模及爆炸事故模拟

为了进一步推广液化天然气（LNG）燃料动力船舶的应用,利用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件FLACS进行LNG燃料动力船进行三维建模,综合考虑环境方面的因素,对LNG的泄漏扩散进行模拟,在此基础上进行爆炸事故后果模拟。对爆炸事故进行分析,得到特定事故情景下的LNG扩散半径、燃烧区域半径、爆炸对人以及建筑物的危害半径,模拟结果对船舶上的管线以及消防设施的布局有一定的指导作用,并且为进一步研究LNG燃料动力船舶的安全性提供了基础数据。     

万安水库春季二氧化碳分压的分布规律研究

为研究河道型水库二氧化碳释放特征,于2009年5月利用喷淋-鼓泡式平衡器-非分散红外检测器系统对万安水库二氧化碳分压[P(CO2)]进行了走航观测,并比较了入库水体和出库水体p(CO2)特征.结果表明,水库入库水体章水、梅江、桃江都具有很高的二氧化碳分压,分别为211.5、91.7、259.7 Pa;走航结果表明库区来...     

气相色谱法同时测定苯系物和汽油化合物

气相色谱法具有较高的灵敏度和良好的线性关系。按照EPA QA／QC的要求,将该方法运用于实际样品分析。结果表明。水中汽油检出限为0．04mg／L。水中苯系物检出限为0．003-0．005mg／L,土壤中汽油检出限为0．5mg／kg,土壤中苯系物检出限为0.005-0．008mg／kg。样品加标回收率为97．1％～106．8％。变异系数为2．1％～4．6％,结果令人满意。     

A new method of predicting of gas chromatographic retention indices for polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)

A new method has been developed to describe the quantitative relationship between molecular structures of PCDFs and their gas chromatographic retention indices on a 30-m fused silica column coated with DB-5 stationary phase. The regression equation is derived with a multiple correlation coefficient greater than 0.9995. The highest residual is 20 index units. The standard deviation is less than 7 index units. Using this regression equation, the retention indices of PCDFs for which data is not available have also been predicted.