Gas and Organic Matter in Last Glacial and Holocenic Sediments of Venice Lagoon

Two drills (MBM1* and MBM2) provided at “Bocca di Malamocco” gave environmental and palaeo-environmental information on sedimentation for the last 50,000 years. the MBM2 supplies textural, gas and organic matter studies of sediment and principal ion content of pore water. Two main palaeo-environments, divided in six cycles, are recognized. Marine environment characterizes the sediment above 12.80 metres below sea level (mbsl) and continental environment dominates the sediments below.

The concentration/depth profiles of dissolved ammonia, phosphates and gases are related to the occurrence of a relatively high organic content in the sediment core. Carbon dioxide to methane ratio shows a constant value below 20 mbsl, while above that level only carbon dioxide was detected. A sulphate gradient in the transition zone between the marine to fresh water interval suggests a methane oxidation. These findings indicate that diffusive transport of methane from marine sediments to the atmosphere may be considered minimal. the sedimentary cycles are related to the oxygen isotopic stages. They suggest a variable hydraulic regime occurred during the last Glacial time in the palaeo-plain corresponding to the present Venice lagoon.     

Exposure of organophosphorus pesticides to turbulent diffusion flames

The development of effective fire-fighting strategies for warehouses storing large quantities of toxic chemicals depends on an understanding of the uncontrolled combustion of such toxics. This paper describes an experimental system for studying fires of this kind. Results are presented from a test programme involving fires with rates of convective heat release in the range 3–30 kW and four organophosphorus pesticides. This work on the combustion chemistry of toxic materials is part of a wider study, involving a number of laboratories, into other inter-related aspects of warehouse fires. The significance of the results for hazard assessment and emergency planning is considered.     

甘肃窑街煤矿二氧化碳突出及防治

本文对甘肃窑街煤矿特大型二氧化碳突出的特征、地质构造背景及防治工作进行了研究。研究结果表明突出气体是煤系自燃热解所生成,根据对方解石脉进行裂变径迹测年和气体的氩同位素研究,表明气体形成于晚第三纪至早更新世;突出区大量CO_2气主要受断裂构造与强应力场控制而蕴藏在厚煤层中。 打前探孔、震动放炮、抽放卸压等措施对于防治突出,减少损失具有积极的作用,而厚煤层中的断裂带部位是最危险的区段,应重点防范。     

边界层方案对华北一次污染过程模拟的影响

采用WRF模式中YSU、MYJ和ACM2 3种边界层参数化方案,利用WRF模式和空气质量模式CAMx对2015年11月11~15日发生在京津冀地区的一次污染过程进行了模拟,同时利用地面气象要素、风廓线、秒探空和空气质量观测数据对3种参数化方案下的模拟结果进行了验证对比.一种基于临界垂直湍流交换系数确定边界高度的方法被用于对比3种参数化方案之间垂直扩散能力的差异.结果表明,MYJ方案对10m风速高估最大（平均高估0.66m/s）,对2m温度和2m湿度低估最小,YSU和ACM2方案对地面气象要素的模拟效果相近;ACM2方案对于边界层内垂直廓线模拟效果优于YSU和MYJ方案,但是3种参数化方案对边界层内风速均存在高估（高估可达2.6m/s）;基于临界垂直湍流交换系数方法定义的边界层高度更能反映大气的垂直扩散能力,MYJ方案边界层高度最小,其模拟的PM_2.5浓度最高;MYJ方案对于地面风速的高估,会降低模拟的区域整体PM_2.5浓度,但是会增加风速较大区域下风向的PM_2.5浓度;ACM2方案对边界层垂直廓线模拟最好,夜间底层垂直湍流交换系数计算值较大,使得ACM2方案对于本次过程中PM_2.5等污染物的模拟优于MYJ和YSU方案.     

典型耦合优化算法在源项反演中的对比研究

突发大气污染事故中,污染源的快速、准确确定是应急处置的基础.为研究有效的源项评估方法,本文基于美国草原外场SO₂释放实验,利用GA-PSO、GA-NM、PSO-NM 3种耦合算法,分别与高斯点源烟羽扩散模型结合,对源强和位置等污染源参数进行反演与对比,并从算法结构与大气扩散条件方面进行反演效果差异分析.结果表明,从源强反演角度看,PSO-NM反演结果的准确性最高、稳定性最强,平均误差（11.3%）与平均标准偏差（0.7g/s）明显低于GA-NM（16.4%、13.3g/s）与GA-PSO（29.0%、26.6g/s）.从位置反演角度看,PSO-NM的反演结果最为稳定,反演的平均标准偏差（0.29m）明显低于GA-NM（3.20m）与GA-PSO（3.03m）算法;在不稳定和中性扩散条件下,PSO-NM算法的位置反演准确性最高,误差为4.97m;但在稳定扩散条件下,GA-NM的位置反演误差（7.69m）最小.从反演效率角度看,PSO-NM与GA-NM反演时间最短,更适用于污染源的快速确定.     

氮气泡沫灭火技术发展现状

介绍了氮气泡沫研究进展和现状,分析了氮气泡沫的灭火原理、稳定性以及应用实例。氮气是惰性气体,不溶于水,在水中扩散速率较小,其与泡沫液混合发泡产生的氮气泡沫与空气、二氧化碳等相比,具有持久惰化、稳定性好,灭火效果显著等优势。     

离子型稀土尾矿残留铵缓释性分析

为探究尾矿残留NH₄⁺的缓释性,以江西信丰离子型稀土矿为研究对象,柱浸制备浸出尾矿,去离子水淋洗尾矿.按照淋洗→封存→再淋洗的步骤,考察了淋洗尾矿不同含水率（1.3%,15%,35%,250%）,不同封存时间（15,30,60,120,180,195,210,240d）和不同传质机制（对流、扩散）下NH₄⁺的淋出量.结果表明：尾矿再淋洗仍能淋出NH₄⁺,NH₄⁺淋出量受含水率、封存时间和传质方式影响;含水率≥15%时,NH₄⁺淋出量整体随时间推移而递增;同时间下,NH₄⁺淋出量整体随含水率增大而增大;其他条件相同时,对流传质下NH₄⁺淋出量大于扩散.尾矿再次淋出的NH₄⁺是可交换态NH₄⁺向水溶态NH₄⁺转化的结果.     

基于灰色-模糊理论的农业旱灾风险分析

从农业旱灾的自然与社会双重属性出发,并考虑系统的不确定性,分析了农业旱灾风险。应用信息扩散理论计算了干旱出现机率,将灰色系统理论和风险分析理论相结合,在确定干旱出现机率的基础上计算农业旱灾灰色风险率,前者考虑了系统的模糊不确定性,后者考虑了对系统认知缺乏所产生的主观不确定性,完善了农业旱灾风险分析,为防灾减灾和开展政策性农业保险提供参考。     

How do Consumers Perceive Electric Vehicles? A Comparison of German Consumer Groups

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are currently being discussed as a promising means to increase the energy efficiency and sustainability of today's transport systems. While technological progress and cost reduction are certainly crucial topics for their successful diffusion, consumer acceptance is another issue that warrants further analysis. Based on a large online survey (N?=?969), we compared four consumer groups which differ in their likelihood to purchase an EV with regard to their socio-demographic characteristics, their willingness to pay (WTP) and their perceptions of EVs. The findings indicate that early users in Germany are most likely to be middle-aged men living with their families in a multi-vehicle household who have a higher WTP for an EV. Perceived compatibility of an EV with personal needs seems to be the most influential factor on the stated willingness to purchase an EV. With regard to the promotion of EVs, strengthening their environmental advantages and providing financial incentives for purchase are rated as important measures by a majority of the sample, while performance characteristics which are comparable to conventional vehicles seem to be less important for most participants. Based on the data analyses, we provide recommendations for measures regarding the further development and promotion of EVs.     

Rock matrix diffusivity determinations by in-situ electrical conductivity measurements

A fast method to determine rock matrix diffusion properties directly in the bedrock would be valuable in the investigation of a possible site for disposal of nuclear waste. An "effective diffusivity borehole log" would provide important information on the variability of this entity over the area studied. As opposed to traditional matrix diffusion laboratory experiments, electrical conductivity measurements are fast, inexpensive and also easy to carry out in-situ. In this study, electrical resistivity data from borehole logging, as well as from measurements on the actual core, is evaluated with the purpose of extracting matrix diffusivity data. The influence of migration of ions in the electrical double layer, which can be of great importance in low ionic strength pore water, is also considered in evaluating the in-situ data to accurately determine the effective pore diffusivity. The in-situ data compare fairly well to those measured in the rock core.