Recovery Trajectories After In Situ Burning of an Oiled Wetland in Coastal Louisiana,USA

The high degree of physical disturbance associated with conventional response options to oil spills in wetlands is driving the investigation of alternative cleanup methodologies. In March 1995, a spill of gas condensate in a brackish marsh at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Louisiana was remediated through the use of in situ burning. An assessment of vegetation recovery was initiated in three treatment marshes: (1) oil-impacted and burned, (2) oil impacted and unburned, and (3) a nonoiled unburned reference. We compared percent cover, stem density, and biomass in the treatment marshes to define ecological recovery of the marsh vegetation and soil hydrocarbon content to determine the efficacy of in situ burning as a cleanup technique. Burning led to a rapid decrease in soil hydrocarbon concentrations in the impacted-and-burned marsh to background levels by the end of the first growing season. Although a management fire accidentally burned the oil-impacted-and-unburned and reference marshes in December 1995, stem density, live biomass, and total percent cover values in the oil-impacted-and-burned marsh were equivalent to those in the other treatment marshes after three years. In addition, plant community composition within the oil-impacted-and-burned marsh was similar to the codominant mix of the grasses Distichlis spicata (salt grass) and Spartina patens (wire grass) characteristic of the surrounding marsh after the same time period. Rapid recovery of the oil-impacted-and-unburned marsh was likely due to lower initial hydrocarbon exposure. Water levels inundating the soil surface of this grass-dominated marsh and the timing of the in situ burn early in the growing season were important factors contributing to the rapid recovery of this wetland. The results of this in situ burn evaluation support the conclusion that burning, under the proper conditions, can be relied upon as an effective cleanup response to hydrocarbon spills in herbaceous wetlands.     

综放面风量调节范围与安全评价的数值模拟分析

结合实际算例 ,用迎风有限元方法 ,从理论上得出了采空区瓦斯绝对涌出量与工作面风量呈指数关系 ,采空区氧化带宽度与工作面风量呈负指数关系。按排放瓦斯要求和工作面生产的供风要求 ,确定风量下限 ,从防止采空区自然发火的角度 ,确定风量的上限 ,由此 ,得出合理的风量范围。引入了范围极差的概念 ,当风量极差越大 ,安全情况越好 ,反之 ,采空区的自然发火与瓦斯涌出二者是不可调和的 ,必须采取防治措施来提高风量极差值。     

Comparing the performance of landfill liner systems

 Some minimum design requirements for landfill liner systems were compared, and the performance of several Japanese liner systems was investigated by two-dimensional (2D) contaminant transport analysis. We demonstrate that (1) the performance of each system specified by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (at present the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare) varies, (2) the adsorption characteristics of the mineral barrier has a significant effect on the contaminant transport process, and (3) a geomembrane layer in the barrier system is very efficient in reducing the peak concentration of contaminants in the groundwater beneath a landfill even if the geomembrane has a number of defects. Under the conditions considered, the analysis results show that a liner system without a geomembrane layer should be avoided. Received: July 4, 2001 / Accepted: March 26, 2002     

液氯瞬时泄放扩散过程实时仿真

分析液氯钢瓶或容器爆炸后的氯气扩散各阶段的数学模型，设计了计算机实时仿真软件，最后给出大气扩散模型计算的云团在风力驱使下漂浮途中造成污染区域的等浓度曲线。文章的结论和实施方案对其它液化气体、尤其是重气的扩散过程模拟及实时仿真有参考价值。     

Water transport in polylactic acid (PLA), PLA/ polycaprolactone copolymers, and PLA/polyethylene glycol blends

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a hydrolytically degradable aliphatic polyester, and water vapor permeability may have a significant influence on the rate of degradation. A method is devised to use bags prepared from PLA films and filled with molecular sieves to determine the water vapor permeability in the polymer, its copolymers with caprolactone, and blends with polyethylene glycol. The “solution-diffusion” model is used to determine the permeability parameters. These include the solubility coefficient,S, a measure of the equilibrium water concentration available for hydrolysis and the diffusion coefficient,D, which characterizes the rate of water vapor diffusion into the film under specific conditions. Values ofS andD at 50‡C and 90% relative humidity ranged from 400 × 10^-6 to 1000 × 10^-6 cm³ (STP)/(cm³ Pa) and 0.20 × 10^-6 to 1.0 × 10^-6 cm²/s, respectively. TheS andD coefficients were also measured at 20 and 40‡C and compared to those of other polymers. The degree of crystallinity was found to have little influence on the measured permeability parameters. The heat of sorption, δH_S, and the activation energy of diffusion, E_D, were used to show that the permeability process is best described by the “water cluster” model for hydrophobic polymers. Finally, the diffusion coefficient is used to compare the rate of water diffusion to the rate of water consumption by ester hydrolysis. Results indicate that hydrolytic degradation of PLA is reaction-controlled.     

地壳突发性放气与水灾行为关系的研究

本文阐述了由于１９９４年９月１４日台湾海峡７．３级地震孕震应力场作用而引起大面积突发性放气，导致１９９４年第２４号台风行为不规律的机制。地震本身可给人类造成灾难，而在某些条件下也可能引起其它灾难。     

硫化氢气体的监控和防护

叙述了海上低凝固点及气液比很小的稠油试生产中对硫化氢气体的监控和防护概况。指出油、气、水流程均应采取全密闭式，其监控系统应包括硫化氢探测装置和报警系统，防止人体伤害的防护系统应有多种设备、仪器。此外，还应注意凡上岗工作人员均应事先加以培训，合格后才可正式工作。在采取以上所有监控防护措施后，在日常的安全生产中，未停产一次，也未伤一人。     

瓦斯充气防爆的负熵机理

借助于耗散结构理论，分析了瓦斯引爆的温熵图及防爆的负熵机理，并对充Ｎ２抽放低浓度瓦斯的可行性进行了探讨。     

不同粒度煤的瓦斯解吸扩散规律实验研究

为了证实和完善极限粒度理论,制备了煤粒度毫米级至厘米级(>10 mm)的5种粒度煤样,利用H-Sorb 2600T高温高压气体吸附分析仪对不同粒度的煤样进行等温吸附-解吸实验,并采用动扩散系数模型计算了煤粒瓦斯解吸扩散系数,分析不同粒度煤的扩散系数变化特征。研究结果表明:粒度毫米级煤样单位瓦斯解吸量和瓦斯解吸率随粒度的增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势;粒度厘米级煤样单位瓦斯解吸量和瓦斯解吸率随粒度的增大降幅较小;煤粒度在毫米级范围内,初始有效扩散系数D0e和平均有效扩散系数Dae随粒度的增大快速下降;煤粒度为厘米级时,初始有效扩散系数D0e和平均有效扩散系数Dae随粒度的增大基本保持不变;极限粒度理论正确可靠,煤的极限粒度小于10 mm。