正明矿穿层钻孔有效抽放半径的研究

钻孔有效抽放半径是矿井瓦斯抽放措施中的一个重要参数,直接关系到抽放钻孔的设计、布置以及抽放时间的长短。以气体渗流理论通过fluent6.3建立了钻孔瓦斯抽放流动模型,来模拟在抽放钻孔周围瓦斯的运移规律,确定抽放半径大概范围。结合现场考察,采用SF6示踪法通过对数据的测定及分析,最终得出正明矿4#煤瓦斯抽放钻孔的有效抽放半径与抽放时间之间的关系,为瓦斯抽放钻孔的合理布置提供了科学依据。同时也为其他煤矿抽放半径的确定提供了参考依据。     

Statistical modeling of radiolytic (60Co g) degradation of Ofloxacin,antibiotic: Synergetic effect,kinetic studies & assessment of its degraded metabolites

Linear, interactive and quadratic effects of process parameters were studied. Degradation of Ofloxacin (Ofx) was related with G value of irradiation process. The synergistic effect of H₂O₂ on lower dose of g-irradiation was established. The process follows pseudo first order with dose constant (d = 0.232 kGy^–1). The impact of human activities in the past few decades has paved the way for the release of pollutants due to the improper effluent treatment. Recent studies revealed that, Ofloxacin, an antibiotic as one of the major pollutant affecting surface water and ground water. In this study, the radiolytic potential of Ofloxacin was investigated. The effects of pH, dose and concentration of Ofloxacin were analyzed using One Factor At a Time (OFAT) and the interactive effects between the parameters were studied using Face Centered Central Composite Design. The statistically optimised developed model shows 30% degradation at initial antibiotic concentration of 1mM at pH 3.0 and at 2 kGy dose of gamma ray. The process efficiency was evaluated in terms of G value and its correlation with the concentration of antibiotic was also established. The process of degradation was augmented by the addition of H₂O₂ (1.5 mM). The reaction kinetics for the process was evaluated, the dose rate constant and the rate of degradation for the augmented process was found to be 0.232 kGy^-1 and 0.232 mM/kGy, respectively. The degraded metabolites of the radiolytic degradation of Ofloxacin were analyzed through change in pH, reduction in TOC and GC-MS spectrum.     

甲醇提取-吹扫捕集-气质联用法快速测定土壤中8种苯系物

采用甲醇提取-吹扫捕集的前处理方法并结合气相色谱-质谱仪来测定土壤样品中的8种苯系物。实验结果表明,8种苯系物在前处理过程中被有效提取出来并被准确定性和定量,对于低浓度样品也具有良好的实验效果。此方法的检出限为0.3～0.8μg/kg,测定下限为1.2～3.2μg/kg。加标低、中、高3种不同质量比的标准物质,经实验分析土壤中8种苯系物相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.1%～6.8%,加标回收率为91.0%～105%,与相关行业标准相比具有一定的优势。     

生态沟渠净化稻田排水动力学分析和生物相特征

本研究以太湖流域常见的菱角、水葫芦、梭鱼草、圆币草等水生植物和人工水草、塑料立体弹性填料为生态强化载体,构建"水生植物-载体生物膜-菌藻"复合型生态系统,研究了稻田排水中的氮、磷等营养元素的去除特性,构建氮、磷污染物的降解动力学模型,并调查了沟渠内"微生物-藻类"生物相特征.结果表明,生态沟渠运行期间,随着水稻进入不同的生长阶段,系统内氮、磷等营养元素的去除率都呈普遍下降趋势,总磷、氨氮、总氮、硝态氮平均去除率分别达到87.1%、92.3%、77.5%、88.6%,其中氨氮的去除率最高,化学需氧量(CODMn)的去除效果并不显著,各实验周期的污染物降解趋势均符合一级动力学降解模型.经生物相分析揭示:随着复合生态系统运行延续,系统内微生物、藻类的种类及Shannon-Weiner index等多样性指数呈不断增长趋势,表明复合生态系统水质改善后更适于多种类细菌与藻类生存与繁殖;复合生态系统中的菌、藻、水生植物及其表面附着的生物膜对污染物的去除具有协同作用,强化了生态沟渠的自净能力.     

基于不同能源底物和营养水平的酸性矿山废水产生机制研究

硫化矿物在氧气、水和铁氧化细菌的共同作用下会形成pH值极低、富含可溶性Fe、SO₄^2-和重金属离子等的酸性矿山废水.本研究选取黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿作为能源底物,以及0×9K、1/4×9K、1/2×9K、1×9K培养基作为营养水平,在氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans）的参与下,从能源底物和营养水平角度探索不同硫化矿物酸性废水的产生特点和机制.结果表明,3种硫化矿物的生物产酸能力依次为黄铁矿>磁黄铁矿≈黄铜矿.经过38 d的生化反应后,黄铁矿体系的pH值达到1.41,总Fe （TFe）和SO₄^2-浓度分别达到771.82 mg·L^-1和357.25 mg·L^-1.水体营养水平在黄铁矿的生物产酸过程中起着至关重要的作用.经过16 d的生化反应后,0×9K、1/4×9K、1/2×9K、1×9K培养基处理的终点pH值分别为1.68、1.44、1.30、1.29.根据各营养体系中Fe²⁺和TFe浓度的变化趋势,以及反应终点收集矿物的X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）,分析认为充足的营养会提高Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的活性或密度,加快Fe²⁺生物氧化形成Fe³⁺并通过水解产酸作用合成黄钾铁矾等次生铁矿物,从而导致溶液的pH值更低.本研究所得结果对明晰酸性矿山废水形成规律具有一定的指导意义.     

“U+I”型采煤工作面瓦斯抽采与浮煤自燃耦合研究

为了研究“U+I”型工作面进风量和顶板巷抽采负压对工作面瓦斯浓度与采空区氧化带宽度的影响,协调瓦斯抽采和浮煤自燃之间的关系。以2306综放面为工程背景,基于“U”型冒落岩层孔隙率分布公式和流体通用控制方程建立采空区数值模拟解算模型。采用CFD软件对不同进风量、不同抽采负压下的工作面瓦斯浓度和采空区氧化带宽度进行模拟,结果表明:随着工作面风量的增加,工作面和顶板巷瓦斯浓度减小,但工作面处浓度减幅逐渐变小而顶板巷浓度减幅几乎不变;提高顶板巷抽采负压,对减少工作面瓦斯浓度效果明显,顶板巷自身瓦斯浓度先增加再减小,采空区进风侧氧化带宽度变窄,回风侧和采空区中部氧化带宽度增加,总体上增加了采空区浮煤自燃的危险性但影响程度有限。     

采空区不同瓦斯抽采方法与自燃合理平衡的数值模拟

为了研究和解决西铭矿在生产中由于瓦斯抽采方法的不同可能引起采空区自燃以及瓦斯爆炸等重大安全隐患问题,构建了高位巷、埋管和高低位钻孔瓦斯抽采方法下的非均质多孔介质三维模型。利用非线性渗流定律、通用控制方程和自定义的函数进行解算,结果表明:高位巷、高低位钻孔抽采流量与抽采氧气浓度近似呈正比函数关系,埋管抽采流量与氧化带宽度呈指数函数关系;高位巷、高低位钻孔随着抽采流量的增加抽采效率反而降低,抽采总量增加,埋管抽采位置在距工作面35m处、抽采流量为20m3/min能很好解决上隅角瓦斯超限问题。根据模拟结论:采用立体联合瓦斯抽采方法既能满足抽采要求又能有效控制采空区自燃现象。     

水温和余氯对黑棘鲷胚胎发育的影响

采用静水毒性试验法,模拟研究了电厂温排水对黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)胚胎发育的影响.试验水温为16～18,22,26和30 ℃,ρ(余氯)为0.025,0.050,0.100,0.200,0.400和0.800 mg/L,同时以过滤海水为对照组,每组设3个平行,取黑棘鲷受精卵进行试验,共进行30 h观测.结果表明,16～18 ℃下对照组无胚胎孵化,而在其他3个温度条件下,对照组的胚胎均已破膜并发育至前期仔鱼阶段.其中,22 ℃下对照组孵化率最高,为(93±2.0)%,而26和30 ℃下对照组孵化率分别为(81.9±2.0)%和(52.8±10.6)%.随着ρ(余氯)的升高,胚胎孵化率下降,当ρ(余氯)高于0.400 mg/L时,各组孵化率均低于50%,当ρ(余氯)为0.800 mg/L时,各组孵化率均低于10%,30 ℃组则没有胚胎孵化.回归分析结果显示,黑棘鲷胚胎孵化抑制率与水温和ρ(余氯)呈显著正相关(R=0.90,P<0.05),表明这2种因子对胚胎孵化抑制具有协同毒性效应.经计算,30 h时22,26和30 ℃下,ρ(余氯)对黑棘鲷胚胎发育的半数影响浓度(30 h-EC₅₀)分别为(0.243±0.062),(0.432±0.031)和(0.261±0.046)mg/L,最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)分别为0.025,0.200和0.050 mg/L,26和30 ℃下无可观察效应浓度(NOEC)为0.100和0.025 mg/L.      

Photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy for conducting gas tracer tests and measuring water saturations in landfills

Gas tracer tests can be used to determine gas flow patterns within landfills, quantify volatile contaminant residence time, and measure water within refuse. While gas chromatography (GC) has been traditionally used to analyze gas tracers in refuse, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) might allow real-time measurements with reduced personnel costs and greater mobility and ease of use. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of PAS for conducting gas tracer tests in landfills. Two tracer gases, difluoromethane (DFM) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), were measured with a commercial PAS instrument. Relative measurement errors were invariant with tracer concentration but influenced by background gas: errors were 1-3% in landfill gas but 4-5% in air. Two partitioning gas tracer tests were conducted in an aerobic landfill, and limits of detection (LODs) were 3-4 times larger for DFM with PAS versus GC due to temporal changes in background signals. While higher LODs can be compensated by injecting larger tracer mass, changes in background signals increased the uncertainty in measured water saturations by up to 25% over comparable GC methods. PAS has distinct advantages over GC with respect to personnel costs and ease of use, although for field applications GC analyses of select samples are recommended to quantify instrument interferences.     

动态浸滤及几种静态预测法对云浮硫铁矿酸化特征及产酸潜力的比较

用几种静态预测方法研究了来自云浮硫铁矿矿石的产酸潜力,并结合动态浸滤试验方法对比了新旧矿石的氧化过程及产酸的动力学特征.静态预测结果表明:该矿矿石的净中和酸潜力NNP<-20、中和酸能力与产酸潜力比NP/AP<1:1、静产酸量NAG>10、NAG-pH<4,是强产酸矿.连续25周的动态浸滤试验研究表明:受碳酸盐控制,新矿浸滤液的pH值在7.46—6.45呈缓慢下降的趋势,25周内减小了近1个pH单位;旧矿已经产酸,浸滤液初期pH<4,10周内迅速下降到pH<3,体系氧化性及硫化物的氧化速率远远高于新矿,金属的释放大大增加.