便携气相色谱快速监测污染事故气体中甲醇

甲醇为无色挥发性澄明液体，沸点６４．７℃，比重０．７９２。甲醇对人体有麻醉作用、特别是对眼睛毒害作用明显，易造成失明。空气中甲醇含量达到６．７￣３６．５％时，形成爆炸性混合物，甲醇为易燃工业原料。甲醇的分析方法常采用比色法（１）和气相色谱法（２）两种方法均需吸收瓶盛装蒸馏水进行采样，因此分析步骤交杂费时间，不适于污染事故的快速监测，使用便携式色谱仪，可以在现场直接开展监测工作。其最低检测浓度为０．     

金属矿山环境污染及整治对策

金属矿床开采 ,一方面是开发利用自然资源 ,另一方面由于对土水生态环境释放重金属和酸性废水而破坏自然环境。金属矿山环境污染源于金属硫化物特别是黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿的氧化分解。金属硫化物的氧化释放出重金属离子和SO4 2 -,黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿的氧化还释放出Fe2 +、Fe3+和H+,铁 (Fe2 +、Fe3+)的存在和pH值的降低大大加速金属硫化物的分解和重金属元素的沉淀。铁氧化细菌的活动可以提高或催化氧化反应的速度 ,加速重金属的水解和沉淀。铁作为普遍存在的元素 ,其地球化学行为影响着金属硫化物氧化的程度和速度 ;铁作为主要的次生沉淀矿物 ,其承载矿物主导其它重金属元素的沉淀。本文介绍了碱性物质中和、湿地处理系统、覆盖隔离技术等一系列已成功地运用于金属矿山环境污染整治的实用方法 ,并对一些前沿整治技术作了简要介绍     

气相色谱法测定工业废水中4—硝基—2,6—二氯苯胺

采用气相色谱法测定工业废水中的4-硝基-2,6-二氯苯胺。研究了样品的提取、色谱分析条件及定量方法。测定了方法的精密度和准确度。以3倍的仪器噪声计算其检出限为4.8×10~(-11)g,进样量为2μL时,最低检出浓度为0.024mg/L,线性范围为0.04～2.0mg/L;精密度实验的变异系数为0.4％～1.7％;加标回收率为97.5％～99.0％。苯胺,对硝基苯胺,邻硝基苯胺,邻氯对硝基苯胺均不干扰测定。     

流动注射—化学发光法测定大气二氧化硫

本文对大气二氧化硫的流动注射—化学发光法测定进行了研究.基于鲁米诺—碘—二氧化硫无机偶合化学发光反应,建立了测定大气二氧化硫的新方法.采用了流动注射气体扩散在线分离技术,使得经典的化学发光测定的选择性大大提高.对鲁米诺—碘这一化学发光体系有很强催化作用的金属离子及其它酸化后不挥发的物质均不影响本体系的测定.方法具有简单、快速、选择性好的特点.已用于大气环境监测分析,结果较满意.     

气相色谱法快速测定蔬菜中灭杀毙

用蒸馏水一次提取新鲜蔬菜样品，以SE－30和QF－1为固定液，Chromosorb W AW DMCS为固定相，2m填充柱分离，氢火焰检测器检测，进样10uL测定灭杀毙含量，以保留时间定性，外标法定量，分析时间小于150s，方法回收率95．4％，相对标准差3．6％，可用作上市蔬菜灭杀毙农药残留量的快速测定。     

气相色谱法测定水质苯系物

指出了气相色谱法测定水质苯系物存在的不足，提出用3％有机皂土－34＋2．5％邻苯二甲酸二壬酯混合涂渍的101坦体（60目－80目）不锈钢色谱柱分离苯系物，可在19min内分离水样中7种苯系物，对二甲苯与间二甲苯等难分离物质对可完全分离，改进后的样品前处理顶空装置操作简单、安全、可连续自动振荡，并且可以同时处理多个样品。     

Nitrate leaching in agriculture to upper groundwater in the sandy regions of the Netherlands during the 1992–1995 period

The Dutch National Monitoring Programme for Effectiveness of the Minerals Policy (LMM) was initiated to allow detection of a statutory reduction in nitrate leaching caused by a decreasing N load. The starting point, or baseline, was taken as the nitrate concentration of the upper metre of groundwater sampled on 99 farms in the 1992–1995 period in the sandy areas of the Netherlands, where predominantly grass and maize grow. We found here that a reduction in nitrate leaching of more than 20% in future would almost certainly be detected with the LMM. Detecting downward trends due to decreasing N load will require nitrate concentrations to also be related to soil drainage, precipitation excess leading to groundwater recharge and to location. Furthermore, we found that about 16% of the N load in the Dutch sandy regions was being leached to the upper metre of groundwater in the 1992–1995 period. The critical N load in approximately 1990 for exceeding the EC limit value for nitrate, NO₃, (50 mg L^–1) in the upper metre of groundwater for the mean situation for grassland, maize and arable land in the sandy area was found to be 210 kg ha^–1 a^–1. Because manure management has been altered, the critical load found will be lower than the current critical load .     

微米级空心玻璃微珠三相泡沫稳定性研究

基于水成膜泡沫灭火剂(AFFF),用微米级空心微珠颗粒作为泡沫稳定剂,制成三相泡沫,并研究了泡沫组成因素对发泡能力和泡沫稳定性的影响。采用控制变量法,研究了颗粒浓度、颗粒粒径、AFFF原液浓度对发泡倍数和析液时间的影响。颗粒加入对发泡能力有抑制作用;因为颗粒存在影响,三相泡沫的发泡能力随AFFF原液浓度增大而减小;40μm粒径颗粒的抑制作用相对20μm和60μm颗粒最小。颗粒浓度和AFFF原液浓度增加,能够提升三相泡沫稳定性,且泡沫析液时间随颗粒浓度增加呈指数规律变化。当AFFF原液浓度为3.0%、颗粒浓度为9%左右时,三相泡沫稳定时间约为两相泡沫的3倍,该配方三相泡沫有较好的稳定性。     

Gas dispersion risk analysis of safety gap effect on the innovating FLNG vessel with a cylindrical platform

While the effect of the safety gap on explosions is well known, little has been carried out to evaluate the effect of the safety gap on dispersion of gas releases, this paper evaluates the effect of safety gap on gas dispersion for a cylindrical Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) vessel. The realistic ship-shaped and circular FLNG platforms are established and used for the detailed CFD based analysis; rather than the structural and hydrodynamics advantages of mobility, stability and cost efficiency etc., this study aims to investigate the safety of gas dispersion on the cylindrical FLNG and compare the safety gap effects on different configurations. A series of different safety gap configurations are evaluated for gas dispersion occurring in near field for the traditional FLNG while both near field and far field gas dispersion simulations are conducted on the cylindrical one. The overall results indicate that the safety gap is effective in reducing the gas cloud size in both FLNG configurations, however, when it comes to the gas dispersion in the far field against the leakage point, the safety gap increases the gas cloud size in the cylindrical FLNG vessel on the contrary.     

Influence of built-in obstacles on unconfined vapor cloud explosion

The obstacle structure in the vapor cloud has a significant influence on the gas explosion. Obstacles could not only lead to the acceleration of flame, but also they may occupy some space, thus affecting the amount of combustible gas. In this paper, a new two-step method was proposed to respectively study the effects of the obstacles amount and volume blockage ratio (VBR) on the gas explosion by using Computation Fluid Dynamic software AutoReaGas, and the obstacles in the vapor cloud were set to “Solid” instead of “Subgrid”. Based on the results and analysis, it is found that the peak overpressure and the maximum combustion rate rise with the increase of the number of obstacles for a single VBR, which indicated that the vapor cloud explosion of more obstacles was more dangerous for a single VBR. However, under a single number of obstacles, the peak overpressure and the maximum combustion rate increase firstly and then decrease as VBR increases and reach the highest at the VBR of 0.74, which indicated that the intensity of vapor cloud explosion reach a peak at a certain VBR in the middle instead of the largest. In addition, the existence and structure of obstacles have little effect on the size of explosion fireball when the size and concentration of combustible gas cloud are the same.