井下穿层长钻孔水力压裂强化增透技术

为了提高井下低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采效果,提出井下穿层长钻孔水力压裂强化增透技术。根据水力压裂施工工艺和关键技术,将水力压裂过程分为准备阶段、高压注水阶段和保压阶段,重点阐述了封孔、试压、注水压裂、数据监测、保压、排水等关键技术。同时分析了长钻孔水力压裂增透机理,并进行了水力压裂强化增透试验。根据压裂过程中压裂参数变化规律,从煤储层参数和钻孔瓦斯抽采参数方面综合考察了试验效果。结果表明:压裂后煤层透气性系数提高了2.67倍,最大影响半径达到了58 m,抽采流量和抽采体积分数分别是普通压裂钻孔的24.4倍和10.27倍,最大压裂影响半径提高了2.32倍。     

基于D-P准则的煤层钻孔封孔深度分析

为了确定合理的煤层钻孔封孔深度,提高瓦斯抽采效果,基于D-P屈服准则,提出关于中间主应力、煤岩剪膨胀的巷道开挖模型,推出钻孔周围煤体应力应变及钻孔封孔深度表达式。结合工程实例,以煤巷掘进工作面平均瓦斯抽采浓度和钻屑量为基础进行封孔深度的验证。研究结果表明:中间主应力、残余黏聚力、内摩擦角和剪胀角对于封孔深度有重要影响;在一定区间内,钻孔封孔深度随中间主应力的增大而增加,超过某个值后会随着中间主应力的增加而减小;剪胀角越大,扩容系数越大,钻孔封孔深度越大;平均瓦斯抽采浓度和钻屑量测试结果验证了封孔深度的准确性。     

GIS环境下基于DEM的中国流域自动提取方法

应用地理信息系统平台,建立基于水文站网和水资源信息的空间化水循环数据库是研制开发全国水循环信息管理系统的关键和基础,为了与全国水文站网的观测资料相匹配,水循环数据库的结构将按流域组织,因此快速、有效地自动提取全国流域是所有工作进展的前提。为了从数字高程数据中自动提取全国流域,以提高基于GIS的全国水资源信息获取的效率,从DEM的特性出发,提出了一种从DEM中自动提取全国流域的实用方法。该方法利用1：25万DEM数据,首先将全国流域划分为14大流域片,并在每一流域片内分别提取流域。提取过程如下：首先对DEM数据进行填洼和削峰,然后确定每个栅格单元的水流方向,再根据各栅格单元的水流方向,计算出每个栅格单元的汇流能力,根据汇流能力采用阈值法确定河流网络,最后通过河流网络和流域出水口,快速识别出所有子流域。另外,还给出了利用GIS软件ARC/INFO GRID提取全国流域的AML程序代码,并以海河流域作为实验区将抽样测量结果和自动提取结果进行了实验对比分析,其结果表明利用该方法提取的流域数据与利用手工方法绘制的流域基本一致,证明该方法是有效的。     

制定地方污水综合排放标准与实行水污染物排放许可证制度的实践

介绍结合新疆的特殊干旱区生态环境和社会经济,各种污染物因素,试行制定出了本地区地方污水综合排放标准,实行水污染物排放许可证制度的实践体会。     

高沼气综采工作面瓦斯抽放方法的研究

应用采场三维瓦斯流动理论，论述了高沼气综采工作面邻近层瓦斯抽放的基本原理。提出了俯采综采工作面邻近层瓦斯的抽放方法，以及用一条边界专用瓦斯巷道，集中抽放钻孔一侧多区段无煤柱综采工作面对应时期邻近层瓦斯的方法。此方法应用于城子河煤矿三个综采工作面，瓦斯抽出率均在４０％以上，最高达７２％。     

WATER RESERVOIR SYSTEMS1

. Water Reservoir Systems were investigated for urban areas as an alternative or complement to storm water drainage systems for flood control which could provide benefits in water conservation and reduce drainage system costs. The study consisted of: (1) gathering of engineering data on the topographical, hydrological, and precipitation characteristics of the area and urban development and economic statistics     

加油站模糊数学安全评价模型及应用

笔者针对目前汽车加油站事故的多发性及其安全的重要性 ,指出了目前加油站安全评价方法的不足 ,提出对于加油站这个复杂的多因素、多变量、多层次人机系统应该考虑采用模糊数学的方法来进行安全评价 ,以得到符合实际加油站安全现状的评价结果。通过分析影响加油站安全的各个因素以及因素之间的相互联系 ,建立了较合理的加油站安全评价指标体系 ;并根据现场经验给出了各相关安全因素的权重 ,运用模糊数学方法建立了加油站安全评价模型 ;同时通过实例验证 ,该安全评价模型的评价结果符合实际情况 ,有较强的实际应用性     

液化石油气瓶站气体泄漏爆炸危险性研究

针对某个城市居民区的液化气瓶站,采用数值模拟方法计算在液化气钢瓶发生泄漏后,液化石油气发生爆炸对瓶站和周围建筑的冲击波和温度的影响;分析冲击波对建筑可能造成的损坏情况;根据模拟分析结果,提出了改进液化气瓶站安全性的技术措施。笔者计算和分析的结果及提出的安全技术措施,为保障周围建筑和人员安全提供了技术依据。     

Dilution with air to minimise consequences of toxic/flammable gas releases

Dilution has long been considered a solution to many problems of toxic/flammable material releases. It implies diluting to a concentration that is below physiologically dangerous levels for a toxic substance (generally below TLV), or to a level below LFL for a flammable material release, ensuring that the process adopted for dilution does not itself enhance the risks.

In this paper, we discuss the dilution of a gaseous release by deliberate and cautious mixing with air to reduce its concentration to a harmless level. The idea bears its origin to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy where some families saved themselves by turning the ceiling fans on when MIC reached their bedrooms at the dead of very cold night on December 2–3, 1984. The air pushed in by the fans diluted the MIC to below the harm level.

Some of the advantages of using air dilution are: no cost of air, no air storage needed, no need to treat the air after use as in case of water curtains; required equipment, its maintenance and staff training in its use are very likely to cost less than in other ways of handling a release.

Air dilution may not be feasible in all cases, such as gaseous release within a congested equipment layout, release that forms a liquid pool, etc. The method needs to be evaluated for each case.     

Heavy gas dispersion by water spray curtains: A research methodology

The mitigation of the consequences of accidental releases of dangerous toxic and/or flammable cloud is a serious concern in the petro-chemical and gas industries. Nowadays, the water-curtain is recognized as a useful technique to mitigate a heavy gas cloud. The paper presents a research methodology, which has been established and undertaken to quantify the forced dispersion factor provided by a water-curtain with respect to its configuration.

The method involves medium-scale field tests, Wind-Gallery tests and numerical simulations. These different approaches are discussed and exemplified by typical results emphasizing the observed concentration reduction due to the water-curtain.