酸性矿山废水库周边土壤微生物多样性及氨氧化菌群落研究

采集了安徽某铁矿酸性矿山废水库周边土壤样品,测定其理化参数,并采用分子生物学方法分别研究了土壤中细菌和古菌群落组成以及驱动氨氧化作用的微生物类群.结果表明,该土壤样品受到酸性矿山废水严重污染,pH低于3,铁铝等金属含量很高.细菌的16S rRNA基因文库覆盖11个类群,其中酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)占主导地位,丰度达47.4%;疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)为第二大门类,丰度为18.9%.样品中含有大量嗜酸的细菌类群,如Candidatus Koribacter versatilis和Holophaga sp.等.古菌的16S rRNA基因文库仅覆盖2个类群,分别为奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)和广古菌门(Euryarchaeota),奇古菌门占绝对优势地位.该土壤样品中的氨氧化作用可能主要由奇古菌门的氨氧化古菌所驱动,且该区域存在新的氨氧化古菌类群.     

气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法测定废水中N，N-二甲基甲酰胺的比较

为比较气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法测定废水中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺是否存在显著性差异,分别使用这两种方法测定N,N-二甲基甲酰胺含量。结果显示,两种方法的精密度、准确度和测定结果无显著性差异,均可作为测定废水中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的方法。     

鱼体中指示性多氯联苯残留量的测定

建立了鱼体中多氯联苯残留量的气相色谱分析方法。结果表明,7种指示性多氯联苯的线性范围为0.001μg/mL-0.20μg/mL。标准添加浓度为1.0μg/kg-10.0μg/kg时,PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB118、PCB138、PCB153和PCB180的回收率均为80%-105%。方法检出限为0.3μg/kg。该方法前处理简便快捷,净化效果好,准确性高。     

基于正压密封方法的闭式采空区灭火技术

为提高闭式采空区密闭漏风控制效果,基于矿井空气流动基础理论,运用RFPA软件建立了注氮气室正压密封采空区数值模型,模拟分析了注氮气室正压作用对采空区密闭漏风行为的影响规律,提出了基于注氮气室正压密封方法的采空区灭火技术,并在恒大煤矿5333工作面采空区进行了应用.结果表明,在气室内氮气相对正压作用下,通风巷道向采空区漏风速度快速减小至0,并最终产生反向,形成由气室向外部微量漏氮气的状态,5333采空区采取正压密封方法后,内部CO、C2H4和温度快速消失和降低至安全范围值.     

工业类棕地再生特征初探——兼论美国煤气厂公园污染治理过程

中国目前面临着前所未有的大规模城镇化进程与产业升级,大量传统工业企业搬迁或改制,工业类棕地大面积暴露。在空间特征上,工业类棕地的场地地形基本平坦,最显著的空间元素为大型的工业建筑遗产。在污染特征上,此类棕地的污染以土壤污染与地下水污染为主,隐蔽性强、潜伏期长,项目周期长且具有不确定性。著名的美国西雅图市煤气厂公园经历了长达半个多世纪、几轮的环境勘测与污染治理过程,至今场地中仍然可能残存有污染物质,充分体现了工业类棕地的上述特征。     

AMDIS在土壤有机污染物鉴别中表征性统计量的探究

土壤样品中有机污染物的GCMS数据经AMDIS处理,其结果报告中就组分对应的色谱峰和质谱棒图来讲给出了大量的定性定量统计量。基于官方标准分析方法中的特定要求和AMDIS对GCMS数据处理结果,首先讨论了有机化合物鉴别中选择和使用保留特性统计量时所应考量的要素,并阐述了保留时间或相对保留时间窗口确立的过程,继而依据是否有标准品来阐明了基于AMDIS进行土壤中有机污染物鉴别所应关注的统计量及应遵从的步骤。从而,为准确高效地使用AMDIS甄别土壤中有机污染物组分奠定了坚实的基础。     

Flame acceleration in tube explosions with up to three flat-bar obstacles with variable obstacle separation distance

The effect of obstacle separation distance on the severity of gas explosions has received little methodical study. It was the aim of this work to investigate the influence of obstacle spacing of up to three flat-bar obstacles. The tests were performed using methane-air (10% by vol.), in an elongated vented cylindrical vessel 162 mm internal diameter with an overall length-to-diameter, L/D, of 27.7. The obstacles had either 2 or 4 flat-bars and presenting 20% blockage ratio to the flow path. The different number of flat-bars for the same blockage achieved a change of the obstacle scale which was also part of this investigation. The first two obstacles were kept at the established optimum spacing and only the spacing between the second and third obstacles was varied. The profiles of maximum flame speed and overpressure with separation distance were shown to agree with the cold flow turbulence profile determined in cold flows by other researchers. However, the present results showed that the maximum effect in explosions is experienced at 80 to 100 obstacle scales about 4 times further downstream than the position of maximum turbulence determined in the cold flow studies. Similar trends were observed for the flames speeds. In both cases the optimum spacing between the second and third obstacles corresponded to the same optimum spacing found for the first two obstacles demonstrating that the optimum separation distance does not change with number of obstacles. In planning the layout of new installations, the worst case separation distance needs to be avoided but incorporated when assessing the risk to existing set-ups. The results clearly demonstrate that high congestion in a given layout does not necessarily imply higher explosion severity as traditionally assumed. Less congested but optimally separated obstructions can lead to higher overpressures.     

外错型走向高抽巷瓦斯抽采技术应用研究

为探究外错型高抽巷在实际应用中的适用性、可行性以及多功能性,以李雅庄矿2-603工作面外错型高抽巷为研究对象,在考察矿井实际情况的基础上采用理论分析和数值模拟对外错型高抽巷的治理效果进行分析。得出:外错型高抽巷相较于内错型高抽巷巷道位移量小,便于管理;外错型高抽巷不但能作为下一工作面采空区的内错型高抽巷,并且从其内部向下打穿层钻孔能保证下一工作面掘进工作的安全进行。根据现场实测数据分析,外错型高抽巷钻孔抽采的平均抽采浓度在27.38%左右,平均抽采纯量在22.45m3/min左右,上隅角瓦斯基本保持在0.3%左右。外错型高抽巷"一巷多用"的特点,既能满足矿井安全生产的要求,也可以提高经济效益。     

Improved far-field blast predictions from fast deflagrations,DDTs and detonations of vapour clouds using FLACS CFD

The CFD tool FLACS was developed from 1982 with a primary goal to predict gas explosion loads inside oil platform modules. The prediction of far-field blast loads was of secondary importance as any scenario creating a substantial far-field blast would already have collapsed the module where it originated. For the same reason the potential for a deflagration-to-detonation-transition (DDT) was not initially of interest. Over the past decade use of FLACS has been more widespread, and the tool is now frequently used to predict explosions on onshore facilities and FPSOs/FLNGs, where far-field blast loads and evaluation of DDT potential may be of significant interest. Previous work by Hansen et al. (2010) has highlighted a weakness in FLACS when predicting the far-field blast from strong gas explosions and, when using FLACS according to guidelines, far-field blast pressures will often be significantly underpredicted. For scenarios involving DDT this effect will be particularly strong. The current study will present a way to obtain more accurate far-field blast predictions by modified parameter settings in FLACS for strong deflagrations. Using modified settings, it is also possible, with good precision, to predict flame speeds, pressures and far-field blast from DDT-scenarios and directly initiated gas detonations, physics which are beyond the accepted capabilities of FLACS. Selected full-scale experiments from the DNV GL test site at Spadeadam will be used to compare with the simulations. Convincing evidence for DDT in large scale natural gas experiments (91% methane) was found in simulations of one of these tests.     

A nanocomposite consisting of silica-coated magnetite and phenyl-functionalized graphene oxide for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from aqueous matrices

In this study,graphene oxide was covalently immobilized on silica-coated magnetite and then modified with 2-phenylethylamine to give a nanocomposite of type Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA that can be applied to the magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) from water samples.The resulting microspheres(Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA) were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),CHNS elemental analysis,and vibrating sample magnetometry(VSM) techniques.The adsorbent possesses the magnetic properties of Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles that allow them easily to be separated by an external magnetic field.They also have the high specific surface area of graphene oxide which improves adsorption capacity.Desorption conditions,extraction time,amount of adsorbent,salt concentration,and pH were investigated and optimized.Following desorption,the PAHs were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection(GC-FID).The limits of detection(at an S/N ratio of 3) were achieved from 0.005 to0.1 μg/L with regression coefficients(R~2) higher than 0.9954.The relative standard deviations(RSDs) were below 5.8%(intraday) and 6.2%(inter-day),respectively.The method was successfully applied to the analysis of PAHs in environmental water samples where it showed recoveries in the range between 71.7%and 106.7%(with RSDs of 1.6%to 8.4%,for n = 3).The results indicated that the Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA microspheres had a great promise to extraction of PAHs from different water samples.