Suppression of gas explosion using vacuum chamber at different break-up times of diaphragm

Vacuum chamber is a new method to suppress the gas explosion. The explosion propagation characteristics have been studied in an L-shaped channel (tubes joined a right angle) with a vacuum chamber in the region of joining of the tubes. The vacuum chamber separated from the inner tubular space with the help of a diaphragm pierced by firing pin. The results demonstrate that the effect of explosion suppression of vacuum chamber is related to the break-up time of diaphragm and the position of the explosive flame front. When the diaphragm breaks up, the shorter the distance of flame front propagation is, the closer the flame front gets to the vacuum chamber, and the better effect of explosion suppression is, conversely, the worse the effect of explosion suppression is.     

Numerical simulation of deflagration-to-detonation transition in large confined volumes

A methodology for the computationally efficient CFD simulation of hydrogen-air explosions (including transition to detonation) in large volumes is presented. The model is validated by means of the largest ever conducted indoor DDT experiments in the RUT facility. A combination of models is proposed with a particular focus on the influence of flame-instabilities, especially of thermal-diffusive nature, which are crucial for very lean mixtures. Excellent agreement is achieved in terms of flame acceleration. The quality of DDT predictions itself depends on the underlying mechanism. Whereas DDT by shock-focusing is successfully simulated on under-resolved meshes, DDT by local explosions in the vicinity of the turbulent flame brush remains a challenge. Adaptive mesh refinement therefore emerges as a key technique to resolve more of the essential phenomena at reasonable computational costs affordable by industry. Finally, a generic case demonstrates the influence of mixture inhomogeneity, which can promote flame acceleration and ultimately DDT.     

Influence of non-reactive particle cloud on heterogeneous detonation propagation

An interaction of a detonation wave propagating in the cellular detonation mode with a cloud of inert particles is investigated numerically. The analysis of results allows the regimes of propagation of the heterogeneous plane Chapman–Jouguet and cellular detonations and their suppression to be identified. The influence of various parameters of the inert cloud is demonstrated. The critical length of the cloud sufficient for detonation suppression is determined. It is shown that the disperse composition and the nonuniform distribution of particles in the cloud are important parameters affecting the detonation propagation mode.     

The effect of vent size and congestion in large-scale vented natural gas/air explosions

A typical building consists of a number of rooms; often with windows of different size and failure pressure and obstructions in the form of furniture and décor, separated by partition walls with interconnecting doorways. Consequently, the maximum pressure developed in a gas explosion would be dependent upon the individual characteristics of the building. In this research, a large-scale experimental programme has been undertaken at the DNV GL Spadeadam Test Site to determine the effects of vent size and congestion on vented gas explosions. Thirty-eight stoichiometric natural gas/air explosions were carried out in a 182 m³ explosion chamber of L/D = 2 and K_A = 1, 2, 4 and 9. Congestion was varied by placing a number of 180 mm diameter polyethylene pipes within the explosion chamber, providing a volume congestion between 0 and 5% and cross-sectional area blockages ranging between 0 and 40%. The series of tests produced peak explosion overpressures of between 70 mbar and 3.7 bar with corresponding maximum flame speeds in the range 35–395 m/s at a distance of 7 m from the ignition point. The experiments demonstrated that it is possible to generate overpressures greater than 200 mbar with volume blockages of as little as 0.57%, if there is not sufficient outflow through the inadvertent venting process. The size and failure pressure of potential vent openings, and the degree of congestion within a building, are key factors in whether or not a building will sustain structural damage following a gas explosion. Given that the average volume blockage in a room in a UK inhabited building is in the order of 17%, it is clear that without the use of large windows of low failure pressure, buildings will continue to be susceptible to significant structural damage during an accidental gas explosion.     

催化裂解装置尾气中二氧化硫测试方法的探讨

针对裂解装置催化再生尾气焚烧废气经海水脱硫后二氧化硫的监测,利用碘量法和定电位电解法同时测定二氧化硫的浓度,并对结果进行了比较和校验,同时对废气中的干扰因素进行分离试验。结果表明,碘量法和定电位电解法测定裂解装置催化再生尾气焚烧废气中的二氧化硫,两种方法测定结果无显著性差异。     

气相色谱-质谱法分析饮用水源水中甲基汞

采用自动固相萃取-气质联用法分析饮用水源中的甲基汞,通过巯基棉小柱萃取大体积(5L)水样后,选择离子扫描方式(SIM)进行定量。实验对比国家标准方法具有更好的线性关系,实际操作简单快捷,灵敏度高。3个浓度水平进行加标回收实验,回收率分别大于71.0%、74.4%、76.0%。对10μg/L浓度重复进样6次,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.8%。该方法检出限可达到3×10-4μg/L,满足饮用水源水中甲基汞标准限值要求。     

加速溶剂萃取-凝胶净化色谱-气相色谱质谱法测定农用地土壤中有机氯农药方法研究

通过对加速溶剂萃取、平行蒸发及净化方法等环节的优化实验,建立了加速溶剂萃取-凝胶净化色谱-气相色谱质谱法测定农用地土壤中23种有机氯农药的检测方法。结果表明,方法检出限为0.0034~0.0052 mg/kg;对化合物质量分数为0.25 mg/kg的土壤加标样品进行平行实验,回收率为82.0%~93.7%;测定结果的相对标准偏差（RSD）≤8.7%。对土壤有证标准质控样品进行分析,测定结果均在验收范围之内。该方法准确可靠,灵敏度较高,样品净化效果较好,能够满足农用地土壤中有机氯农药残留痕量分析的要求。     

全球PM2.5人口暴露风险时空格局

基于PM_2.5遥感数据和人口格网数据,利用污染物人口暴露风险模型、Theil-Sen Media和Mann-Kendall等方法,分析了2000~2016年全球PM_2.5人口暴露风险时空分布特征,并识别出暴露高风险区域.结果表明,PM_2.5遥感数据和人口格网数据可以客观地评价暴露风险程度.全球PM_2.5平均浓度在各大洲差异显著,PM_2.5污染的高值区域主要分布在东亚、南亚和东南亚.PM_2.5质量浓度的多年平均值从高到低分别是亚洲14.7μg/m³、非洲8.1μg/m³、欧洲8.03μg/m³、南美洲5.69μg/m³、北美洲4.41μg/m³和大洋洲1.27μg/m³.2000~2016年,全球PM_2.5人口暴露风险在宏观尺度上呈逐渐减少的趋势,而在区域内则呈现出差异性.空间上,全球PM_2.5人口暴露风险各大洲从高到低依次为亚洲5.94、非洲0.62、欧洲0.45、南美洲0.32、北美洲0.27和大洋洲0.01.时间上,2000~2016年,亚洲和非洲PM_2.5人口暴露风险呈增长趋势,欧洲和北美洲呈减少趋势,大洋洲和南美洲变化幅度较小.     

中国红色旅游经典景区网络关注度时空演变及影响因素

借助“百度指数”,获取2011—2019年中国31个省（市、自治区）对红色旅游经典景区的网络关注度,结合区域差异分析法、景区偏好系数分析红色旅游经典景区网络关注度的时空演变特征,利用面板数据回归模型和地理探测器揭示其影响机理。研究发现：（1）从时序上看,2011—2019年红色旅游经典景区的网络关注度持续上升,具有明显的季节性差异,呈“M”型变化形态。（2）从区域上看,东—中—西部具有明显的梯度递减特征,区域差异呈东—西—中部依次递减态势,空间结构比较均衡,东部地区多位于热点区,中部地区多处于一般区,西部地区则属于冷点区,各省（市、自治区）存在一定季节性差异。（3）景区角度方面,景区的月际变化分为单峰型、双峰型和多峰型三种,单峰型季节差异显著,双峰型和多峰型的季节差异较小,景区偏好类型呈“金字塔”结构,具有“多中心”分布特征,整体格局相对稳定。（4）影响因素方面,客源地网络发展水平的贡献>人口规模>教育水平>经济发展水平,而旅游恩格尔系数的影响不显著,目的地的星级酒店数量、旅游化水平、市外交通可达性是重要影响因素,信息化水平、空气质量、旅行社及公共管理能力是主要影响因素,其他因素影响力较小。     

辽西北春玉米旱灾灾损风险区划

开展干旱风险区划研究,对实现抗旱减灾及粮食稳产增产至关重要。以辽西北为研究区域,以作物水分亏缺指数（CWDI）为干旱表征指标,利用该区1965—2019年逐日气象数据及多年玉米种植资料,通过数理统计和通径分析方法揭示研究区玉米干旱时空演变及对各气象因子的响应特征,在此基础上构建干旱灾损指数进行旱灾风险区划,结果表明:（1）近54年春玉米抽穗—成熟期CWDI值以2.2/10 a的速率上升,其他生育阶段呈下降趋势,空间上干旱频率由辽西向辽北递减;（2）相对湿度和降水量与CWDI指数呈明显负相关,其他气象因子呈正相关,其中气温和相对湿度对其直接影响最大;（3）辽西北分四个灾损风险区,且风险程度由辽北向辽西递增。研究结果可为优化春玉米农田管理和防灾减灾提供一定参考。