胶粘剂中苯系物的测定

建立了GC-MS联用直接分析粘合剂中挥发性有机化合物的方法。主要研究了利用气相色谱/质谱联用技术测定胶粘剂中苯及二甲苯等苯系物,采用全扫描法分析了其组成,选择离子扫描及内标标准曲线法定量分析了胶粘剂中苯、甲苯、二甲苯。并对苯、甲苯及二甲苯进行定量分析,该方法简便、快速,灵敏、重现性好。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定洗涤制品中二噁烷

本文采用顶空-固相微萃取-毛细管气相色谱联用技术测定了洗涤制品中二噁烷量,使用50μmPEG/树脂萃取头。顶空平衡温度为80℃,萃取时间为40min。使用石英毛细管柱:30m×0.32mm×0.4μmi.d.内壁涂有5%二苯基(95%)二甲基硅氧烷固定液。外标法定量,二噁烷测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为9.33%;在0.35μg/g～120μg/g范围,色谱峰面积与质量浓度之间呈良好线性关系,线性相关系数(R)为0.9998;回收率为98.7%～102%。     

特别选题:海河流域水环境演化机理与水污染防治基础 序

海河流域既在全国经济社会发展格局中占有十分重要的战略地位,也是我国水资源最为紧缺的地区,水资源供需矛盾异常突出,自然水循环受到社会水循环强烈干扰;湿地生态系统退化严重;水环境风险偏高。海河流域作为人类活动扰动强度较大和复杂的区域,流域水环境演化机理和水污染防治基础的研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

气相色谱法分析环境空气中糠醛

采用活性炭采样管吸附环境空气中的糠醛,以CS2解析,用Rtx-WAX毛细管柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,气相色谱仪测定。方法最低检出质量浓度糠醛0.006mg/m3,加标回收率在90%以上,方法安全,简单灵敏,分离度好,检出限低。     

环境风险评估的技术本质

指明环境风险评估属于工程科学领域中的一门社会技术,从工程科学角度阐释了环境风险评估本质属性,即包括主体和客体、目的和标准、内容和方法以及应遵循的几项基本原则。研究表明,解析环境风险评估技术本质对于推动工程科学的社会技术研究具有学理与现实层面的示范作用。     

Measurements and predictions of harmful releases of the gathering station over the mountainous terrain

Having a risk analysis of harmful releases over mountainous terrains through wind tunnel experiment is a frontier problem in China. In this paper, a straight-flow wind tunnel is applied to simulate the atmospheric boundary layer and research the motion of high-sulfur gas released to atmosphere when accidental releases occur in a gathering station over the mountainous terrain. After an analysis of hourly concentration in the field accident for eight wind directions, experimental results reveal that nearby concentration fields are dominated by wind and far-field concentration distribution is dominated by topography, which leads to complete levels of consequence impact for the personnel risk inside and around the gathering station. Based on CFD techniques, a three-dimensional modelling was established in comparison with the wind tunnel experiment, which suggests that CFD prediction had underestimated the near-field gas concentration and the performance could not precisely match actual risks the gathering station causes to the mountainous terrain, which leads to a modified equation for numerical prediction. Instead of proposing a lower personnel risk evaluation obtained through the use of CFD techniques, the wind tunnel experiment offers a new choice for the consequence impact analysis for the petrochemical industry in China.     

Detonation flows in aluminium particle gas suspensions,inhomogeneous in concentrations

A physical and mathematical model of the reduced kinetics is presented describing heterogeneous detonation in suspensions non-uniform in particle concentration. The model is based on the heterogeneous media approaches, semi-empirical laws of ignition and combustion, and data on the dependence of the detonation velocity on particle concentration. Formation of suboxides and incomplete combustion of aluminum are taken into account integrally. The dependence of the heat release of chemical reactions and the fraction of unburnt particles on the initial composition is determined from the solution of the stationary problem of the structure of the detonation wave. In the calculations of unsteady detonation flows, it is supposed to solve an additional equation for the spatial distribution of initial concentrations. The problems of initiation and development of cellular detonation in flat channels in suspensions of micron-sized aluminum particles are studied. Dependences of the cell size on particle concentration in uniform suspensions are determined. The flow patterns of cellular structures, the forms of the leading front, and the propagation velocities in channels with longitudinal or transversal gradients of particle concentration are analyzed.     

A CFD-based empirical model for hazardous area extent prediction including wind effects

Hazardous extent predictions that ensure process safety while avoiding overestimation have been a challenge for hazardous area classification. Specific leak scenarios can be addressed to build rapid empirical models to accurately determine hazardous extent considering several factors that are not included in general approaches. In view of that, this work aims to propose a novel CFD-based empirical model for gas emissions in open and unobstructed areas. It considers a wide range of variables such as storage temperature and pressure, orifice diameter, molecular weight, gas concentration, and wind velocity. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate each variable's contribution to the gas cloud extent. The linear regression model resulting from the combination of all variables contribution was coupled with Ewan and Moddie's model to minimize the prediction errors due to the non-monotonic wind effects. The suggested algorithm accurately calculates the hazardous extent with a coefficient of determination equals to 0.9842 and a RMSE of 0.0151 for a dataset of 600 cases of generic gases release. The proposed model was also validated for 60 cases of hydrogen releases under different storage conditions, giving a coefficient of determination equal to 0.9829 and a RMSE of 0.0680, indicating a good agreement with the data.     

基于事理图谱的电力安全事故预控方法*

为解释全国电力安全事故的演化规律并为预控事故的发生,提出电力安全事故事理图谱的构建与推演方法。以国家能源局发布的全国电力安全生产情况为数据源,使用规则模板提取事件槽对;利用Word2vec训练词向量,通过事件槽相似度计算泛化事件槽,并以热力图矩阵记录泛化权重;采用Neo4j构建事故事理图谱,以泛化权重和事件链的方向预测事故走向。结果表明:方法能够较好地揭示事故演化的关键节点、预演电力安全事故发展路径,为事故的预控提供1种有效的知识服务方案。     

冻融循环作用下受荷砂岩的能量演化与破碎分形特征*

为研究冻融循环作用对岩石力学特性的影响,对砂岩试件依次进行冻融循环处理、单轴压缩实验以及筛分实验,分析不同冻融循环次数下砂岩试件加载过程中的能量演化、分配规律以及破坏后碎屑尺度分布的分形特征,并讨论冻融循环作用的影响效应。结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量均呈指数衰减的趋势,峰值应力点对应的耗散应变能及其与总能量比值表现出类似的变化规律。这些试件破坏后的碎屑尺度分布具有分形特征,分形维数在2.50~2.61之间。数据拟合进一步表明冻融循环作用下耗散应变能与分形维数之间呈显著的线性正相关关系,这是因为冻融循环次数越大使得砂岩试件的抗压强度越小,破坏所需的耗散应变能越小,试件破碎程度越不严重,导致相应的分形维数越小。