我国突发环境事件演变态势、应对经验及防控建议

依据2006—2020年突发环境事件数据,运用统计和个案分析方法,分析了近年来我国突发环境事件的演变规律、总体情况及特点,基于典型案例,探讨了突发环境事件应对的有效模式及成功经验。结果表明：2006—2020年全国共发生突发环境事件6 569起,总体呈下降趋势;2016—2020年发生的重大及以上突发环境事件较2011—2015年下降了69%,趋势明显,说明我国突发环境事件总体上得到了有效防控。然而,事件多发频发的高风险态势并没有根本改变,近年来还呈现出情况复杂、类型多、诱因复杂、公众关注度高等一些新的发展态势。基层环境应急准备扎实、应急指挥体系高效顺畅、预警防控体系健全、科技支撑和物资储运保障有力、信息公开机制健全是妥善应对突发环境事件的成功经验。未来应注重重大环境风险的识别防范,重大及敏感突发环境事件的应急准备和应对、环境应急管理人员能力的培养、环境应急管理体制机制的创新。     

Host acceptance behaviour of the small ermine moth Yponomeuta cagnagellus: larvae and adults use different stimuli

Summary. The sugar alcohol dulcitol is a strong feeding stimulant for larvae of the small ermine moth Yponomeuta cagnagellus. In this paper we tested the hypothesis that dulcitol also acts as an oviposition stimulant for this species. We found that the sugar-alcohol dulcitol was present on the surface of the host Euonymus europaeus. We also showed that (as yet unidentified compounds) can be systemically transferred (i.e. by uptake and transport via the vascular system) from E. europaeus, to the non-host Crataegus monogyna and stimulate oviposition. However, no evidence was found that this stimulatory activity was due to dulcitol. Systemic enrichment of C. monogyna with dulcitol did not induce oviposition on this plant. Neither was the application of pure dulcitol on artificial twigs effective. In addition it was shown that when dulcitol was removed from host plant extracts, oviposition stimulatory activity was retained in the fraction without dulcitol. Synergism between dulcitol and other stimulants could not be demonstrated, however, high concentrations of dulcitol in combination with the main stimulant(s) showed a trend towards enhanced oviposition. It is concluded that the sugar alcohol dulcitol can only play a limited role in adult host acceptance behaviour. The hypothesis that a host shift in the genus Yponomeuta from Celastraceae to Rosaceae might have been facilitated by the presence of small amounts of dulcitol in Rosaceae therefore needs to be restricted to larval feeding behaviour. Received 20 August 1999; accepted 6 December 1999     

Study on the characteristics of gas explosion affected by induction charged water mist in confined space

To investigate the suppression effect of charged water mist on gas explosion, a small charged water mist generator and a gas explosion simulation device were designed based on the principle of electrostatic induction. Experiments for testing characteristics of the gas explosion in a confined space under different charged polarities, charged voltages and mist fluxes were carried out. Experimental results indicated that, compared with the normal water mist, the explosion peak overpressure and the flame propagation speed could be more effectively reduced by the charged water mist. And this suppression effect could be promoted by increasing the charged voltage. To visualize the effect of the charged water mist's polarity on gas explosion, comparative experiments were conducted. The results showed that the explosion peak overpressure, the overpressure rising rate, and the propagation speed of the flame were reduced by 64.7%, 33.0% and 19.4%, respectively, when a +8 kV charged voltage was applied. In situation where a -8 kV charged voltage was applied, 64.1%, 26.5% and 16.0% reductions were achieved for the explosion peak overpressure, the overpressure rising rate, and the flame propagation speed respectively. Comparison of this data leads to the conclusion that the gas explosion could be more efficiently suppressed by the positively charged water mist.     

长江经济带陆路交通可达性格局演变研究

基于长江经济带1988、2001、2012年路网数据,在Arc GIS软件支持下,以长江经济带110个地级以上城市为基本研究单元,平均可达性为测度指标,对长江经济带城市及城市间可达性进行测算,探讨其格局演变特征。结果表明:(1)长江经济带区域整体可达性改善明显,但东部地区可达性水平优于西部地区的现象未得到有效改善;(2)区域内任一栅格到达最近城市所需时间逐步缩短,1 h圈空间格局由散点分布逐步向网络分布转变;(3)可达性改善状况区域差异显著,西部地区改善值远高于中部地区,平均可达性值越大其改善值越大;(4)城市间可达性水平得到显著提升,可达性水平主导频率由1988年的12~36 h逐步转向2012年的3~12 h,城市间可达性结构改变显著。     

Analysis and assessment of a critical event during an underground coal gasification experiment

The main goal of the study presented in this paper was to analyse the mechanisms affecting an Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) process and to identify possible deviations of the system from normal work to limit, or even avoid, losses. The UCG process is one of the most innovative technologies connected with the exploitation of coal deposits that are currently being tested and developed all around the world. It allows the conversion of a coal seam into gas under in situ conditions of high temperature with the use of gasifying agents such as air, oxygen, steam or with a mixture of them.The paper presents the results of the analysis and assessment of a critical event during the process: a dangerous gas accumulation that occurred during an underground coal gasification experiment in the Experimental Mine “Barbara” of the Central Mining Institute (Poland). The UCG experiment using the shaft method is described, together with its monitoring system and the problems that appeared during the process. The application of the Fault Tree Methodology allowed the establishment of the main factors that may lead to the explosion and to present possible scenarios of its occurrence.Moreover, calculations were carried out to evaluate the risk level of explosion for the gas mixture and the minimum level of oxygen in the mixture that is necessary to initiate an explosion. These calculations were based on a modification of the formula proposed by Le Chatelier. During the course of the underground experiment, original information of the process behaviour has been acquired that can be used in the preparation of other UCG experiments in operational mines to guarantee the safety and the stability of the process.     

长江口拦门沙及水下三角洲的动力沉积和演变

分析了长江河口拦门沙和水下三角洲及河口和邻近水域的水系和水团的特征，论述了河口混浊带羽状锋系的分布移动规律，并对河口拦门沙的物理，化学，生物及地质屏障效应作了评估。通过对泥沙分布，沉积率和沉积程序的研究，探明了河口拦门沙及水下三角洲的泥沙交换和演变。根据以上所述，探讨了长江河口深水航道的选址问题，为有关管理部门提供了科学的数据。     

顶空气相色谱法测定饮水中氰化物

采用顶空气相色谱法，测定饮水中氰化物。对水样保存特殊性的影响，色谱柱的选择及实验条件进行研究。结果表明，CN^-浓度在1-18ug/l呈线性关系，最低检出限为0．35ug/l，高、中、低三浓度测定相对标准偏差分别为2．68％、6．69％、6．98％，回收率范围83．4-119．2％，满足卫生检验要求。是一种简便快速、实用性强的分析方法。     

燃烧过程的气体取样及燃烧产物的组分分析

介绍燃烧过程中气体取样时常用的两种方法：微探针取样法和分子束取样法,详细论述了燃烧产物中的气体组分、自由基以及离子的分析方法,并对各咱分析方法优缺点进行了比较。     

环境样品中PCBs的测定

本文详细地介绍了应用 ＧＣ／ＭＳ或ＧＣ／ＥＣＤ测定环境样品样中 ＰＣＢＳ的分析方法及样品前处理的方法，并给出了 ３０个行政检查样品的测定结果。     

乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛火山岩地球化学及生成与演化

本文详细讨论了南极菲尔德斯半岛岛弧火山岩的岩石化学、微量元素,稀土元素及同位素地球化学特征。区内务类火山岩普遍具高铝的特点,且有着相似的稀土元素分布模式。岩石富集Sr、Rb、Ba、K、Th等高度不相容元素,而极度亏损Ni、Cr、等过渡元素。Nd、Sr、Pb、O同位素特征显示岩石的幔源性质。主元素、微量元素混合模拟计算表明:本区高铝玄武岩可由上地幔中等程度(20—25％)部分熔融形成的橄榄拉斑质原始岩浆经一定程度的橄榄石(12％)和单斜辉石(28％)的分离结晶而成。以斜长石和辉石为主的分离结晶作用控制了本区岩石的演化。