中国城市碳排放强度的时空演变、动态跃迁及收敛趋势

合理控制城市碳排放强度对于中国实现碳达峰、碳中和目标愿景以及应对气候变化的意义重大.采用夜间灯光数据反演得到2001～2020年城市碳排放量,测算碳排放强度,并对城市碳排放强度的时空演变、动态跃迁及收敛趋势进行研究.结果表明：(1)中国城市碳排放强度持续下降,从2001年的2.79 t·万元-1降至2020年的0.88 t·万元-1,年均降幅5.94%.各大区域城市碳排放强度的差距存在收敛特征.空间分布上,城市碳排放强度的高值区集中在东北地区,以及内蒙古、宁夏和陕西等地,南北地区差异拉大,中南部与东部地区的碳排放强度降幅明显,高低集聚层次分明.(2)中国城市碳排放强度的global Moran’s I较高,均值为0.436,空间自相关性显著.碳排放强度以城市自身与邻域城市均未发生跃迁的类型为主,不同类型间时空跃迁的概率较低,凝聚度指数高达82.57%.跃迁类型的稳态较高,碳排放强度的时空演变存在空间锁定效应和“俱乐部趋同”现象.(3)城市碳排放强度的σ收敛不显著,但存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛.绝对β收敛速度差异明显,全国的收敛速度为3.137%.东部和西部地区的收敛速度略低,分别仅有3...     

重要生态功能区干旱时空演变特征及对关键资源的影响:以黄河流域为例

基于温度-植被-降水的综合干旱指数（TVPDI）、地表径流、植被净初级生产力和粮食产量等数据,利用数据空间化方法、Slope趋势分析及Pearson相关分析等方法,探究了黄河流域从2001~2020年这20年间干旱时空变化特征以及对水资源、粮食资源和植被资源的影响,试图探究干旱与关键资源之间的相互影响.结果表明:①黄河流域干旱空间分布由东南向西北呈阶梯状加重,全流域有60.6 %的区域处于干旱状态;从变化看全流域干旱整体上呈逐年下降趋势,有94 %的区域由干旱逐渐向湿润转变,从春季到冬季干旱呈现先减轻后加重的趋势.②从流域重要资源的时空变化看,起关键作用的地表径流量有53 %的区域呈现增加趋势,且主要分布在流域西南地区;表征植被资源的植被净初级生产力（NPP）及表征粮食资源的粮食产量亦呈增长趋势.③干旱与3类资源呈现显著的空间关联度,干旱程度越高对地表径流量、植被生产力和粮食产量产生的影响越显著,但近年来变湿的地区,其重要资源并未显著增加,这说明干旱对3类重要资源的影响具有时间滞后性,且其滞后性在空间分布上具有显著差异性和地域分异规律.研究对于黄河流域农业生产和抗旱减灾、生态保育具有重要理论意义.     

基于不同内部构型特点的厌氧膜生物反应器中膜污染控制方法

厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)结合了厌氧生物技术和膜过滤技术的优点,不仅污泥产量低、出水效果好、耐冲击负荷高,且可节省能源,在处理高浓度有机废水过程中由于其独特的优势而备受亲睐。膜污染问题一直是影响AnMBR经济性和稳定性的关键因素,目前关于膜污染的研究主要集中在膜污染的成因及控制方法上。膜污染的控制多采用优化操作运行条件和改变膜的表面形态等方法来实现,关于通过改变反应器内部构型来对膜污染进行控制的研究相对较少。综述了气流、液流冲刷膜表面,反应器中安装旋转膜组件以及采用膜振动等几个缓解厌氧膜生物反应器中膜污染的方法,总结了这些方法优点与不足之处,并从不同的角度加以比较,并在此基础上对今后膜污染控制方式的研究方向提出建议,有利于在实际应用中选取适宜的膜污染控制方式,拓展厌氧膜生物反应器应用前景。     

电热蚊香片益多克含量的气相色谱测定

叙述了采用气相色谱法,以ＦＩＤ检测器和内标法定量测定电热蚊香片中益多克的含量。方法的变异系数为１．１％,回收率达到９８．７％,线性相关系数为．９９９１。该方法适用电热蚊香片中益多克的含量测定。     

沈阳市机动车排放污染控制

综述了沈阳市机动车的发展与现状 ,着重探讨了沈阳市机动车尾气给人民生活带来的危害和解决办法 ,讨论了问题的所在 ,并对未来沈阳机动车尾气治理提出建议。     

新型丝网填料滴滤器净化含苯废气的实验研究

实验研究了新型丝网填料滴滤器净化含苯废气的性能。研究表明该生物滴滤器能够有效的净化含苯废气 ,在入口负荷小于 6 0mg·L-1·h-1时 ,平均净化效率在 90 %以上。当进口负荷提高时 ,消除能力也逐渐提高 ,但净化效率有所下降 ,将进口负荷控制在 30～ 6 0mg·L-1·h-1之间 ,即可以达到高的净化效率 ,又可保持较高的消除能力。苯的净化效率随进气量增加而下降 ,对于净化高浓度苯废气 ,10～ 2 0m/h的气速是比较合适的。不锈钢丝网填料对循环液分布均匀性有较高要求 ,特别在生物膜的形成阶段。当喷淋系统不能保证布液均匀时 ,可采用阶梯环等化工填料作为最初的液体分配层。     

浅析城考指标"汽车尾气达标率"

根据城市环境综合整治定量考核指标"汽车尾气达标率"的定义、解释及其实施规定,结合实际,针对性地分析了客观存在的问题,并提出一些可行性建议。     

有机磷农药分析测试方法的改进

对有机磷分析方法进行改进．使之能有效地对乐果、甲基对硫磷和乙基对硫磷进行检测,分离效果好,时间短。     

Hydrogen explosion incident mitigation in steam reforming units through enhanced inspection and forecasting corrosion tools implementation

Hydrogen (H₂) explosion effects recently examined, are confirming the devastating loss scenarios to humans, environment, assets, and associated business interruption. H₂ production is a core process in refineries used in further process steps. Steam reforming of natural gas or a mix with naphtha or LPG is a common hydrogen production technique, where the latest technologies have adopted enhanced metallurgies to minimize explosion risk and the associated maintenance cost following plant degradation owing to corrosion effects. However, corrosion rates are still high in specific areas of piping and process equipment. The aim of this paper is to present a methodology based on semi-quantitative RBI modeling according to regulations by API and recent EN standards, adopting a family of linear regression forecasting models that depict the yearly corrosion rate (per corrosion loop) of a hydrogen production steam reforming unit; this is done under different operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, and fluid speed), metallurgy and other related physicochemical variables. The model is based on the examination of both ultrasonic wall thinning measurements and the examination of quantitative crosslinking total corrosion effects along with the physicochemical properties prevailing in different plant corrosion loops. The outcome of the regression analysis is an expansive family of multivariable equations describing, with a defined accuracy, the yearly corrosion rate and associated lifespan forecast per corrosion loop, and per examined part. These equations were further utilized in a custom-made database that can be used as an additional loss prevention tool by the hydrogen production unit management team. Evaluation results regarding the tool efficiency are presented in the following of this paper.     

Reaction hazard and mechanism study of H2O2 oxidation of 2-butanol to methyl ethyl ketone using DSC,Phi-TEC II and GC-MS

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) oxidation via H₂O₂ with tungsten-based polyoxometalate catalysts has gained much attention with an ever-growing body of knowledge focusing on the development of environmentally benign processes in chemical industry. In this study, two calorimetry techniques, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Phi-TEC II adiabatic calorimetry, were employed to analyze the thermal hazards associated with the 2-butanol oxidation reaction system. Hydrogen peroxide was the oxidant and a tungsten-based polyoxometalate as the catalyst. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for identification of the organic products. Important thermal kinetic data were obtained including “onset” temperature, heat of reaction, adiabatic temperature rise and self-heat rate. From DSC results, three exothermic peaks were detected with a total heat generation of approximately 1.26 kJ/g sufficiently to induce a thermal runaway. Possible reaction pathway for three stages were proposed based on both DSC and GC-MS results. One exotherm was detected by Phi-TEC II calorimeter and the pressure versus temperature profile together with the DSC and GC-MS data demonstrate the complexity of 2-butanol reaction system under both thermal screening and adiabatic conditions.