Movement signal choreography unaffected by receiver distance in the Australian Jacky lizard, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amphibolurus muricatus</Emphasis>

Theory explains the structure of animal signals in the context of the receiver sensory systems, the environment through which signals travel and their information content. The influence of signalling context on movement-based signalling strategies is becoming clearer. Building upon recent findings that demonstrated changing environmental plant motion conditions resulted in a change of signalling strategy by the Australian lizard Amphibolurus muricatus, we examined whether receiver distance also influences signalling strategies. We found that signalling lizards did not modify their introductory tail flicking in response to distant viewers in the absence of competing, irrelevant plant image motion despite significant reductions in signal structure at the eye of the viewer. The magnitude of resultant effect sizes strongly suggests that receiver distance does not contribute to signalling strategies as much as the presence of motion noise in the environment.     

土地开发利用中的环境影响预测及其保护措施

随着我国工业的发展和人口不断增加,粮食问题越显得更加重要,开发土地是解决这一问题的重要途径之一。但是土地资源的开发是一项复杂的系统工程,土地开发利用的过程,也是自然再生产的过程,在优越的条件下土壤会向着肥沃的方面发展,否则会向着相反的方面转化。以最大的可能性和最稳妥的管理措施,避免土地开发后对环境产生的不利影响,以保持农业持续稳定发展。     

瓦斯气体在煤层中的扩散机理及模式

根据气体在多孔介质中的扩散模式 ,结合煤结构的实际特点 ,分析了瓦斯气体在煤孔隙中的扩散机理 ,得出瓦斯在煤体中几种扩散模式 :菲克型扩散、诺森扩散、过渡型扩散、表面扩散和晶体扩散。从微观上看 ,影响瓦斯气体在煤层中扩散的主要因素是瓦斯气体的平均自由程和煤不同尺寸微孔隙的分布情况。根据不同孔隙分布的煤层 ,探讨了各种扩散模式的适用条件     

深圳市土地开发和景观生态演变特征分析

本文在探讨深圳市上地资源的利用与开发的基础上,研究分析了其内部景观生态系统类型的结构,功能和组成快速演变的机制和特征。认为深圳市特殊的地理位置,经济发展模式,区位特征和大规模的土地开发是区域景观生态系统类型结构和组成快速演变的根本因素。     

Novel polymer monolith microextraction using a poly-(methyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith and its application to the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in water samples

A novel and simple method based on polymer monolith microextraction (PMME) coupled to gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) was developed for the determination of six polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in water samples. The proposed method used poly-(methyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) (MMA-co-EDMA) monolith as extraction media. Several factors affecting experiments such as sample flow rate, sample volume, the type of eluent, eluent volume, eluent flow rate, effect of salt addition and carry over effect were investigated and optimized systematically. The limits of detection (LODs) for six PCBs were 0.028-0.043 ng mL⁻¹ in water samples. The intra-day and inter-day precisions (R.S.D.) were less than 9.2% and 9.6%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of six PCBs in tap water, lake water and industrial waste water and the trueness has been evaluated by recovery experiments. The obtained relative recoveries were in the range of 63.3-105.6%.     

Naphthenic acid biodegradation by the unicellular alga Dunaliella tertiolecta

Naphthenic acids (NAs) are a major contributor to toxicity in tailings waste generated from bitumen production in the Athabasca Oil Sands region. While investigations have shown that bacteria can biodegrade NAs and reduce tailings toxicity, the potential of algae to biodegrade NAs and the biochemical mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here, we discovered that the marine alga Dunaliella tertiolecta is able to tolerate five model NAs (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, cyclohexaneacetic acid, cyclohexanepropionic acid, cyclohexanebutyric acid and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthoic acid) at 300 mg L⁻¹, a level which exceeds that of any single or combination of NAs typically found in tailings ponds. Moreover, we show that D. tertiolecta can metabolize four of the model NAs. Analysis of NA-amended cultures of D. tertiolecta via low resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed us to quantify decreasing NA levels, identify metabolites, and formulate putative mechanisms of biodegradation. Degradation of cyclohexanebutyric acid and cyclohexanepropionic acid proceeded via β-oxidation and resulted in the transient accumulation of cyclohexaneacetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, respectively. Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid was metabolized via 1-cyclohexenecarboxylic acid suggesting that further degradation may occur by step-wise β-oxidation. When D. tertiolecta was inoculated in the presence of oil sands tailings water from the Athabasca region, biodegradation of single-ring NAs was observed relative to controls. This result corroborates the trend we observed with the single-ring model NAs.     

环形热岛格局演变过程的遥感分析

城市热岛效应的空间格局在一定程度上可以反映城市规划和管理的成败得失,也是城市大气污染的驱动因素之一。〖JP2〗使用2000、2003、2004、2006、2008和2010年2～3月下午成都的6次NOAA/AVHRR（National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer）卫星遥感数据反演亮温,采用均值 标准差法将热岛强度分为7个等级,用面积加权平均法将研究区强度分为高温、中温和低温3类。结果表明：（1）热岛空间格局呈现巨大变异,由前期的中心型演变为中期的环型,后期是热岛环的形态和高温中心的调整阶段;（2）研究区的强度为前期强,2004年迅速减弱,高温类的强度2004年比2003年减弱259℃,2004年之后的平均减弱率仅为024℃/a;（3）城市东北部和西南部高温区的温度梯度出现逆向升降趋势。由于地表温度对城市气温有重要影响,热岛形态的变化是人们从更复杂角度分析大气污染机制、设计热岛数值模型和进行城市规划的客观依据     

Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Coatings for the Modification of Barrier Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Films for Food Packaging Applications

Organic–inorganic hybrid coatings based on poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(lactic acid) as organic phase and silica from tetraethoxysilane as inorganic phase were prepared by the sol–gel approach. Coatings were applied onto poly(lactic acid) films for food packaging in order to improve its barrier properties towards oxygen and water vapour. All the prepared coatings were dense, homogeneous layers characterized by a good adhesion to the substrate. The permeance of the coating layers resulted one order of magnitude lower than that of the uncoated poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film. The hydrophilic character of the coating did not permit to gain a significant decrease in the water vapour permeance. The perfect visual transparency of the coatings allows their application without worsening of the esthetical properties of the substrate PLA film.     

Method for the determination of selected organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum based on a gel permeation chromatographic clean-up

A gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) clean-up based method was developed for determination of selected organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum. The method permits automation of the sample extract clean-up stage and is designed to work with small amounts of sample. Different working variables were studied in its development, including injection volume, flow rate, and fat amount as the most representative coextract. The method provides solvent and time savings. Initial extraction was performed using 96-well solid-phase disk extraction plates, and quantification was performed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and mass spectrometry. Recoveries of PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180 and organochlorine pesticides HCB, β-HCH, γ-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDT at two spiking levels ranged from 55% to 115% with relative standard deviations ranging from 2.0% to 14.6%. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.06 to 0.16 ng mL⁻¹ for PCBs and from 0.12 to 0.36 ng mL⁻¹ for organochlorine pesticides. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of 38 serum samples and the results were compared with those of another procedure validated at the laboratory.     

宋至清荆江南岸分流四口的演变

在历史时期荆江地区的经济开发与江湖关系的演变历程中,分流诸口是极其重要的影响因素。以宋至清的志书为主要资料,立足于历史学的实证方法,以今荆江南岸存在的4个分流穴口,即虎渡口、调弦口、藕池口和松滋口为主要对象,考察四口在宋元明清时期的分塞情况,并对今人存在的一些认识进行了辨析。其中,虎渡河的形成时间说法不一,南宋以后,虎渡口逐渐形成稳定分流。调弦口自元代大德年间开浚后时开时塞,直至清朝才基本保持分流,1958年调关设置后此口渐废。藕池口早在五代时即已存在,北宋以后湮塞,直至1852年藕池堤溃不筑,藕池河再次形成。松滋河则在1869年以前由于黄家埠堤溃决而形成。研究表明,宋代以降,四口的分塞情况较为复杂,因此,考察荆江穴口分流与湮塞的历史变迁,厘清以往的相关歧见,将有助于更正确、客观地理解今天的人地关系、江湖关系的格局及其走向。