气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法测定废水中N，N-二甲基甲酰胺的比较

为比较气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法测定废水中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺是否存在显著性差异,分别使用这两种方法测定N,N-二甲基甲酰胺含量。结果显示,两种方法的精密度、准确度和测定结果无显著性差异,均可作为测定废水中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的方法。     

近20年来青藏高原盐湖沉积与环境演化研究综述

综合分析了最近20年来青藏高原盐湖沉积与环境演化研究的主要成果,着重对青藏高原高盐湖沉积的年代学研究、盐湖环境演化的气候环境代用指标研究、盐湖沉积反映的环境演化过程研究、现代盐湖动态演化过程研究等方面进行分析。进一步探讨今后青藏高原盐湖沉积与环境演化研究的主要内容,包括更为精准的测年方法及盐湖沉积高分辨率年代序列的建立、古气候环境代用指标的综合运用与新指标探究、代用指标与气候要素关系的定量研究、盐湖沉积与环境演化的区域对比及驱动机制研究、青藏高原盐湖信息数据库平台与全球变化研究。     

鱼体中指示性多氯联苯残留量的测定

建立了鱼体中多氯联苯残留量的气相色谱分析方法。结果表明,7种指示性多氯联苯的线性范围为0.001μg/mL-0.20μg/mL。标准添加浓度为1.0μg/kg-10.0μg/kg时,PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB118、PCB138、PCB153和PCB180的回收率均为80%-105%。方法检出限为0.3μg/kg。该方法前处理简便快捷,净化效果好,准确性高。     

构造演化对鸡西煤田瓦斯赋存的控制

为认清鸡西煤田瓦斯赋存规律,根除导致煤矿瓦斯突出灾害频发的根本原因,运用瓦斯赋存地质构造逐级控制理论,在研究鸡西煤田构造演化的基础上,结合鸡西煤田瓦斯地质图编制资料,分析了煤田地质构造、构造煤形成过程和岩浆作用及其对瓦斯赋存的影响,并结合典型矿井探讨了现代应力场对瓦斯突出危险的控制作用.结果表明,鸡西盆地地质构造复杂,主要表现为规模不等的褶皱、断裂.盆地东南缘受控于敦密断裂,盆地中部的基底突出向东倾伏,发育了平-麻逆冲断裂及一个向东倾伏的基底隆起(恒山隆起),使煤田从东至西成斜卧的"人"字形展部,划分煤田为南北两含煤带,岩浆岩作用的程度控制着煤层的煤化程度,也控制着煤层瓦斯赋存;近EW向、NE向、NNE向构造,尤其是NNE向构造受到强烈挤压、压扭作用,致使煤层受到强烈挤压剪切破坏而发育构造煤,有利于瓦斯赋存;现代构造应力场主应力为NEE向,NNW-NW向构造表现为挤压和压扭作用,成为动力灾害多发地带;NE、NNE向构造的拉张有利于瓦斯释放,动力灾害程度相对较低;NNW-NW向和NE、NNE向复合部位应力集中,动力灾害更容易发生.     

工业类棕地再生特征初探——兼论美国煤气厂公园污染治理过程

中国目前面临着前所未有的大规模城镇化进程与产业升级,大量传统工业企业搬迁或改制,工业类棕地大面积暴露。在空间特征上,工业类棕地的场地地形基本平坦,最显著的空间元素为大型的工业建筑遗产。在污染特征上,此类棕地的污染以土壤污染与地下水污染为主,隐蔽性强、潜伏期长,项目周期长且具有不确定性。著名的美国西雅图市煤气厂公园经历了长达半个多世纪、几轮的环境勘测与污染治理过程,至今场地中仍然可能残存有污染物质,充分体现了工业类棕地的上述特征。     

AMDIS在土壤有机污染物鉴别中表征性统计量的探究

土壤样品中有机污染物的GCMS数据经AMDIS处理,其结果报告中就组分对应的色谱峰和质谱棒图来讲给出了大量的定性定量统计量。基于官方标准分析方法中的特定要求和AMDIS对GCMS数据处理结果,首先讨论了有机化合物鉴别中选择和使用保留特性统计量时所应考量的要素,并阐述了保留时间或相对保留时间窗口确立的过程,继而依据是否有标准品来阐明了基于AMDIS进行土壤中有机污染物鉴别所应关注的统计量及应遵从的步骤。从而,为准确高效地使用AMDIS甄别土壤中有机污染物组分奠定了坚实的基础。     

Flame acceleration in tube explosions with up to three flat-bar obstacles with variable obstacle separation distance

The effect of obstacle separation distance on the severity of gas explosions has received little methodical study. It was the aim of this work to investigate the influence of obstacle spacing of up to three flat-bar obstacles. The tests were performed using methane-air (10% by vol.), in an elongated vented cylindrical vessel 162 mm internal diameter with an overall length-to-diameter, L/D, of 27.7. The obstacles had either 2 or 4 flat-bars and presenting 20% blockage ratio to the flow path. The different number of flat-bars for the same blockage achieved a change of the obstacle scale which was also part of this investigation. The first two obstacles were kept at the established optimum spacing and only the spacing between the second and third obstacles was varied. The profiles of maximum flame speed and overpressure with separation distance were shown to agree with the cold flow turbulence profile determined in cold flows by other researchers. However, the present results showed that the maximum effect in explosions is experienced at 80 to 100 obstacle scales about 4 times further downstream than the position of maximum turbulence determined in the cold flow studies. Similar trends were observed for the flames speeds. In both cases the optimum spacing between the second and third obstacles corresponded to the same optimum spacing found for the first two obstacles demonstrating that the optimum separation distance does not change with number of obstacles. In planning the layout of new installations, the worst case separation distance needs to be avoided but incorporated when assessing the risk to existing set-ups. The results clearly demonstrate that high congestion in a given layout does not necessarily imply higher explosion severity as traditionally assumed. Less congested but optimally separated obstructions can lead to higher overpressures.     

Improved far-field blast predictions from fast deflagrations,DDTs and detonations of vapour clouds using FLACS CFD

The CFD tool FLACS was developed from 1982 with a primary goal to predict gas explosion loads inside oil platform modules. The prediction of far-field blast loads was of secondary importance as any scenario creating a substantial far-field blast would already have collapsed the module where it originated. For the same reason the potential for a deflagration-to-detonation-transition (DDT) was not initially of interest. Over the past decade use of FLACS has been more widespread, and the tool is now frequently used to predict explosions on onshore facilities and FPSOs/FLNGs, where far-field blast loads and evaluation of DDT potential may be of significant interest. Previous work by Hansen et al. (2010) has highlighted a weakness in FLACS when predicting the far-field blast from strong gas explosions and, when using FLACS according to guidelines, far-field blast pressures will often be significantly underpredicted. For scenarios involving DDT this effect will be particularly strong. The current study will present a way to obtain more accurate far-field blast predictions by modified parameter settings in FLACS for strong deflagrations. Using modified settings, it is also possible, with good precision, to predict flame speeds, pressures and far-field blast from DDT-scenarios and directly initiated gas detonations, physics which are beyond the accepted capabilities of FLACS. Selected full-scale experiments from the DNV GL test site at Spadeadam will be used to compare with the simulations. Convincing evidence for DDT in large scale natural gas experiments (91% methane) was found in simulations of one of these tests.     

A nanocomposite consisting of silica-coated magnetite and phenyl-functionalized graphene oxide for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from aqueous matrices

In this study,graphene oxide was covalently immobilized on silica-coated magnetite and then modified with 2-phenylethylamine to give a nanocomposite of type Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA that can be applied to the magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) from water samples.The resulting microspheres(Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA) were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),CHNS elemental analysis,and vibrating sample magnetometry(VSM) techniques.The adsorbent possesses the magnetic properties of Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles that allow them easily to be separated by an external magnetic field.They also have the high specific surface area of graphene oxide which improves adsorption capacity.Desorption conditions,extraction time,amount of adsorbent,salt concentration,and pH were investigated and optimized.Following desorption,the PAHs were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection(GC-FID).The limits of detection(at an S/N ratio of 3) were achieved from 0.005 to0.1 μg/L with regression coefficients(R~2) higher than 0.9954.The relative standard deviations(RSDs) were below 5.8%(intraday) and 6.2%(inter-day),respectively.The method was successfully applied to the analysis of PAHs in environmental water samples where it showed recoveries in the range between 71.7%and 106.7%(with RSDs of 1.6%to 8.4%,for n = 3).The results indicated that the Fe_3O_4@SiO_2@GO-PEA microspheres had a great promise to extraction of PAHs from different water samples.     

湿法烟气脱硫喷淋塔的阻力特性研究

以装配有自行设计的湍流装置的冷态喷淋塔为研究对象,考察了气速、喷淋量、液气比(L/G)、湍流装置垂直和水平间距对其阻力特性的影响。结果表明,当湍流装置结构形式一定时,喷淋塔的湍流层阻力(ΔP)均随气速、喷淋量和L/G的增大而增大;当气速、喷淋量、L/G一定时,湍流层阻力均随湍流装置垂直与水平间距的增大而减小。当气速、喷淋量、L/G、湍流装置垂直与水平间距分别为2.0 m/s、100 m~3/h、10 L/m~3、120 mm、120 mm时,湍流层的最小阻力为0.14 kP a;而当气速、喷淋量、L/G、湍流装置垂直与水平间距分别为3.6 m/s、240 m~3/h、25 L/m~3、90 mm、100 mm时,湍流层的最大阻力为0.62 kP a。对实验数据进行多元线性回归分析,得出该喷淋塔湍流层阻力的经验公式为ΔP=0.000 46V ~(0.724)Q~(0.930)D~(-1.860)f~(-5.480),其拟合优度与显著性良好,对工业应用具有一定的理论指导意义和实际参考价值。