三维地理应急系统在含硫气田开发过程中的建设与应用

针对四川复杂地形含硫气田开发过程中可能出现的火灾、爆炸、原料气泄漏等突发事故,难以及时判断事故的发展趋势并确定有效的应对措施,加之对事发点周边的社会和地理环境不熟悉,极易造成群死群伤事故。研究了适用于安全监管与应急防控一体化的管理系统及“平战结合”的运行模式,开发了石油化工领域专用的空间GIS平台,以空间关系做为数据关联分析的底层逻辑,形成贯穿气田设计、建设、运营全生命周期的数据完整性管理体系。并重点针对含硫天然气事故灾害类型和应急支撑数据采集内容进行研究,形成应急管理与快速响应整套技术方法及示范工程,显著缩短了风险辨识和预警时间,提高了应急响应速度和应急决策能力。     

Atmospheric measurements of the halogenated hydrocarbons involved in global change phenomena

Chlorofluorocarbons and their replacement compounds are anthropogenic compounds of great environmental concern. For this reason monitoring their atmospheric mixing ratios on a worldwide scale is recommended. An analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of selected chlorofluorocarbons and their replacement compounds has recently been developed. This methodology was applied in the analysis of actual air samples collected in remote and semi-remote areas located in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The concentration levels measured in the air samples collected in the two hemispheres are reported.     

瓦斯爆炸传播过程中障碍物激励效应的数值模拟

笔者对瓦斯爆炸传播过程中的障碍物的激励效应的物理机制进行了分析 ,并构建了相应的物理模型 ,设计了 3种情况下 ,对冲击波经过障碍物附近时的变化特征进行了数值模拟。结论表明 ,非燃烧区的障碍物同样存在激励效应 ,激励效应取决于瓦斯爆炸冲击波的初始强度 ,即爆轰状态激励效应最为强烈。     

设计液化石油气贮配站不容忽视的几个问题

通过对数十个液化石油气新罐场的设计审核和在用罐场调研分析，深入比较常用几种贮罐液面计之优劣与使用特点，介绍了适用于小型贮配站改造用简易价廉的钢瓶倒残系统，提出采用地下掩埋式贮罐设计方案，争取实现贮罐使用安全性和投资回报的优化组合。     

Numerical analysis of gas explosion inside two rooms connected by ducts

Simulations of gas explosion of hydrogen/air mixture inside two rooms connected by ducts are carried out. Scalar transport chemical reaction model and LES turbulence model are utilized to reduce the calculation load and to conduct real-scale analysis. The effects of ignition source locations and volume of ignited room are analyzed, and the time history of pressure and rate of pressure rise in each room are focused in this study. When the volume of the ignited room is larger than the other room, the high pressure from the other room causes a force to act on the partition to the ignited room. This study indicates that the current technique can predict specific features of gas explosions inside two rooms connected by the ducts.     

Review of the DESC project

Dust Explosion Simulation Code (DESC) was a project supported by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework Programme. The main purpose of the project was to develop a simulation tool based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) that could predict the potential consequences of industrial dust explosions in complex geometries. Partners in the DESC consortium performed experimental work on a wide range of topics related to dust explosions, including dust lifting by flow or shock waves, flame propagation in vertical pipes, dispersion-induced turbulence and flame propagation in closed vessels, dust explosions in closed and vented interconnected vessel systems, and measurements in real process plants. The new CFD code DESC is based on the existing CFD code FLame ACceleration Simulator (FLACS) for gas explosions. The modelling approach adopted in the first version entails the extraction of combustion parameters from pressure–time histories measured in standardized 20-l explosion vessels. The present paper summarizes the main experimental results obtained during the DESC project, with a view to their relevance regarding dust explosion modelling, and describes the modelling of flow and combustion in the first version of the DESC code. Capabilities and limitations of the code are discussed, both in light of its ability to reproduce experimental results, and as a practical tool in the field of dust explosion safety.     

Flame propagation in hybrid mixture of coal dust and methane

To investigate the flame propagation through hybrid mixture of coal dust and methane in a combustion chamber, a high-speed video camera with a microscopic lens and a Schlieren optical system were used to record the flame propagation process and to obtain the direct light emission photographs. Flame temperature was detected by a fine thermocouple. The suspended coal dust in the mixture of methane and air was ignited by an electric spark. The flame propagation speeds and maximum flame temperatures of the mixture were analyzed. The results show that the co-presence of coal dust and methane improves the flame propagation speed and maximum flame temperature notably, which become much higher than that of the single-coal dust flame. The flame front temperature varies with the coal dust concentration.     

Suppression effects of powder suppressants on the explosions of oxyhydrogen gas

Suppression tests of oxyhydrogen gas explosions were performed in an explosion tube with five types of dry powder used as the suppressants. The experimental results showed that the powder with large dust cloud density and small radius has better suppression effect, which agrees well with previous correlative results. Moreover, our results also showed that particles with chemical activity and light material density, their suppression effect are more prominent than that of the inert particles with heavy density. To discover the detailed suppression process of dust powder, governing equations were developed based on the homogeneous reactive two-phase flow. The TVD scheme and the Lax–Wendroff–Rubin scheme were adopted to solve the reactive gas phase and particle phase, respectively. The time splitting technique was employed to handle the stiffness of the coupled equations. Our calculated results showed that the dust cloud has the suppression effect on the explosion of oxyhydrogen gas, and with the increase of dust cloud density or the decrease of particle diameter, its suppression effect become more evident, which is in good agreement with our experimental results, in addition, the numerical results showed that with the same particle diameter, the suppression performance is enhanced with the reduction in particle material density.     

Air emissions from pavement layers composed of varying rates of reclaimed asphalt

An experimental study of road building and recycling of used pavement has been conducted within the framework of a Life Cycle Analysis. Four equivalent asphalt concretes made with different recycling rates have been investigated during road construction. Airborne emissions, pollutant release over time and odor production related to asphalt laying have all been determined and compared among the various recycling rates. All of the results (VOC, PAH and odors), expressed in terms of concentrations and fluxes, exhibit quite monotonic variations with respect to the recycling rate. These results, however, did not reveal the same trend as a function of the recycling rate (increases or decreases), depending on the selected target parameter (VOC or PAH). Indicators have been proposed for a discussion of results that take into account: (i) raw material emissions with respect to the reference defined in the case of pavement without reclaimed asphalt; and (ii) emissions in each case from all material production sources.     

武汉市废弃物处理温室气体排放和控制对策

对武汉市2005、2010和2012年废弃物处理温室气体排放量进行了核算,结果表明2005、2010和2012年废弃物处理中生活垃圾填埋和废弃物焚烧产生的温室气体量最大,占折算为碳含量后的71.46%以上,是武汉市废弃物处理温室气体排放的重要来源。填埋产生的温室气体在2010年达到峰值,因填埋量减少、焚烧量增加导致焚烧产生的温室气体量增加。废水处理中温室气体的量相对较小,产生甲烷(CH_4)约0.44至0.67万t。废水处理中温室气体排放量随着污水收集率逐步提高而降低,而又随污水总量增加而增加。总体来说,废弃物处理中二氧化碳(CO_2)排放量逐年增加,CH_4先增加后降低,氧化亚氮(N_2O)逐年增加。此外,武汉市固体废弃物处理温室气体排放主要控制填埋量和焚烧量,而加强废弃物的收集和管理,以及技术提升、生态修复、增加植被碳汇将是武汉市废弃物处理温室气体控制和减排的重要措施。