用水基表面活性剂乳液回收废白土中蜡的界面张力研究

通过测定液体与废白土粉末之间的接触角及液体与蜡之间的液液界面张力，对水基表面活性剂乳液的溶剂及配方进行了优选，得到最俊的水基表面活性剂乳液的组成为：质量分数０．２％的十二烷基苯磺酸钠十体积分数为２．５％的乙醇十体积分数为２５％的混合烃（正己烷十苯，等体积）＋体积分数为７２．５％的水，实验证明，用该水基表面活性剂乳液处理废白土，蜡的回收率可达８０％，同时不破坏白土的颗粒结构。     

捕尘过滤材料清洗再生实验研究

空气颗粒物过滤材料作为一次性使用的耗材,在阻力升高至一定值时就被更换并抛弃,不仅使过滤系统成本增加,而且会产生二次污染,不利于生态环保。通过实验探究滤料清洗再生的方法,研究了MES表面活性剂浓度、温度、清洗时间对清洗效果的影响。结果表明:温度为25℃、MES溶液质量分数为0.7%、清洗时间为30 min时的清洗效果最佳,清洁度可达97%,结合超声波辅助时可使清洁度增至99.2%,经过4次清洗再生后,滤料的阻力、效率与纤维力学性能未发生明显变化,证明了该方法在工业应用中的可能性。     

表面活性剂对细水雾雾流密度影响的实验研究

为探讨表面活性剂对细水雾雾流密度的影响,以十二烷基硫酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠为研究对象,采用量杯法测量细水雾雾流密度值,分析表面活性剂对细水雾雾流密度影响,研究不同工作压力下含表面活性剂细水雾雾流密度变化规律。研究表明:表面活性剂作用下,溶液表面张力系数降低,表面能耗降低,雾场中心雾流密度减小,细水雾扩散性能得到有效改善,雾滴分布更均匀。工作压力对普通细水雾雾流密度有明显影响,工作压力越大,雾场中心区雾流密度越小,喷雾半径越大;对含表面活性剂细水雾雾流密度影响较小,中心区雾流密度变化较小。     

不同反胶束体系萃取纤维素酶的条件优化对比研究

采用3种不同的表面活性剂双(2-乙基己基)磺基琥珀酸钠AOT、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵CTAB及鼠李糖脂RL)溶于正己醇/异辛烷相构建不同的反胶束体系,并对比研究了不同反胶束体系萃取纤维素酶的优化条件.分别探讨了水相pH值、表面活性剂浓度、离子强度和离子种类对纤维素酶萃取效率的影响.实验结果如下:在实验条件下,AOT、CTAB和RL 3种反胶束体系水相最佳pH值分别为3.0、8.0和3.0;表面活性剂最佳浓度依次为:AOT 23.7mmol/L、CTAB 15mmol/L和RL 2.75mmol/L;水相中NaCl浓度会影响纤维素酶的萃取率,3种表面活性剂构建的反胶束体系萃取纤维素酶的萃取率均随着盐离子浓度的增大而降低;水相中离子种类也会影响纤维素酶的萃取率.比较不同反胶束体系在最佳条件下萃取纤维素酶的最佳萃取率:CTAB>AOT>RL.     

Analysis of polymeric quaternary ammonium salts as found in cosmetics by metachromatic polyelectrolyte titration

Metachromatic polyelectrolyte titration was investigated as a means of analyzing polymeric quaternary ammonium salts (polyquaterniums) of relatively low charge density used as ingredients in cosmetics. They are of possible toxicological concern, but little is known of their environmental fate and behavior. With o-toluidine blue as the indicator, determination of the concentration of a range of polyquaterniums of commercial importance and cosmetic origin was possible. Using a visual endpoint, normalities as low as 3 × 10^?5 N could be determined, while with a spectrophotometric endpoint, the technique was effective to approximately 3 × 10^?6 N. The concentrations (g L^?1) to which these normalities correspond depend on the charge density of the polymer. Polyquaterniums are frequently used in association with anionic surfactants in cosmetic formulations and the presence of an anionic surfactant even in excess did not affect results although the color change was less stable. Titration in the presence of prepared humic acid was also possible.     

表面活性剂改性活性炭对高氯酸盐的吸附和再生

选用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)改性活性炭以提高活性炭对高氯酸盐的吸附能力.CTAC改性前后活性炭吸附能力通过吸附穿透曲线来比较.结果表明,未改性活性炭对高氯酸盐几乎没有吸附.CTAC改性则能显著提高活性炭对高氯酸盐的吸附能力.进水pH值对高氯酸盐的吸附影响较小,但水中干扰离子如NO3-、SO42-、SiO42-和PO43-会与高氯酸盐离子发生竞争吸附,从而降低活性炭对高氯酸盐的吸附能力.1mol/L HCl溶液的化学再生的效率在95%左右,再生后的活性炭能重复使用.水蒸汽热再生则能有效恢复活性炭的孔径结构.高氯酸盐在高温下降解得到完全去除,但再生后的炭必须重新改性后才能再次使用.     

泡沫灭火剂生物降解性能研究及发展趋势

阐述了泡沫灭火剂生物降解原理、一般过程及作用机制,分析了影响其生物降解性的主要因素,并对包括OECD 301系列标准在内的可用于泡沫灭火剂生物降解测试的方法和标准进行了综述,进而对目前国内外该领域的研究现状进行比较和分析。基于目前泡沫灭火剂生物降解性能的研究较为缺乏,不同种类泡沫灭火剂生物降解性差异较大的现状,提出了基于生物降解性能筛选的泡沫灭火剂优化体系的建立方法,并分析了其未来研究方向。     

碳氟碳氢表面活性剂表面活性及灭火性能

对全氟辛基磺酰基季铵碘化物(FC-203)和十二烷基苯磺酸纳(SDBS)混合溶液的表面张力、起泡能力及其灭火性能进行了试验研究.结果表明,FC-203与SDBS复配对于提高溶液的表面活性具有明显的协同效应,混合溶液只有在同时具备低表面张力和较强起泡能力条件下才表现出较好的灭火性能.对于浓度为5 mmol/L的混合溶液,当FC-203与SDBS的物质的量比为1∶2时,其灭火时间可降低至6.9 s.研究结果对于碳氟碳氢表面活性剂在灭火剂中的应用具有一定的意义.     

Mercury removal from aqueous solution using petal-like MoS2 nanosheets

• Synthesized few-layered MoS₂ nanosheets via surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method. • Synthesized MoS₂ nanosheets show petal-like morphology. • Adsorbent showed 93% of mercury removal efficiency. • The adsorption of mercury is attributed to negative zeta potential (-21.8 mV). Recently, different nanomaterial-based adsorbents have received greater attention for the removal of environmental pollutants, specifically heavy metals from aqueous media. In this work, we synthesized few-layered MoS₂ nanosheets via a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method and utilized them as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of mercury from aqueous media. The synthesized MoS₂ nanosheets showed petal-like morphology as confirmed by scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis. The average thickness of the nanosheets is found to be about 57 nm. Possessing high stability and negative zeta potential makes this material suitable for efficient adsorption of mercury from aqueous media. The adsorption efficiency of the adsorbent was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and adsorbent dose. The kinetics of adsorption and reusability potential of the adsorbent were also performed. A pseudo-second-order kinetics for mercury adsorption was observed. As prepared MoS₂ nanosheets showed 93% mercury removal efficiency, whereas regenerated adsorbent showed 91% and 79% removal efficiency in the respective 2^nd and 3^rd cycles. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 289 mg/g at room temperature.     

DISINFECTION WITH QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS1

ABSTRACT: The most common disinfection method is chlorination, however, it has been known that the practice of chlorination for water treatment in the Mississippi River area has caused a significant increase in mortality. The objective of this research was to search for effective disinfectants to replace chlorine. Three cationic surfactants have been tested for their bactericidal properties under various conditions. It has been found that 1 mg of cetyldimethyl-benzylammonium chloride can destroy about 4500 coliforms in one liter water within 10 minutes, under neutral pH conditions and room temperature. Cationic quaternary ammonium compound, therefore, can be a potential candidate disinfectant for replacing chlorine when necessary.