水动力与表面活性剂协同作用对双酚A在沉积物上吸附的影响

选择太湖梅梁湾的表层沉积物作为实验对象,研究了水动力与表面活性剂协同作用下,双酚A吸附行为的变化特征.结果表明,当CTMAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)浓度在1.0倍临界胶束浓度(CMC)以下时,切应力的改变对双酚A在沉积物上的吸附量基本无影响;其吸附量随CTMAB浓度的增大而增大,0.1倍CMC、0.5倍CMC和1.0倍CMC的CTMAB条件下,双酚A的吸附量较0 CMC分别增大了0.18倍、0.54倍和0.62倍;相对于Freundich模型,其吸附等温线更符合线性模型.当CTMAB浓度高于CMC时,双酚A在沉积物上的吸附量和吸附平衡时间均随切应力的增加而减小,在切应力和低浓度CTMAB共同作用时,以切应力促进吸附平衡作用为主;而当切应力和高浓度CTMAB共同作用时,以CTMAB的作用为主.水动力和CTMAB共同作用下的双酚A的吸附过程满足准二级吸附动力学方程.     

Absorption and recovery of n-hexane in aqueous solutions of fluorocarbon surfactants

n-Hexane is widely used in industrial production as an organic solvent. As an industrial exhaust gas, the contribution of n-hexane to air pollution and damage to human health are attracting increasing attention. In the present study, aqueous solutions of two fluorocarbon surfactants(FSN100 and FSO100) were investigated for their properties of solubilization and dynamic absorption of n-hexane, as well as their capacity for regeneration and n-hexane recovery by thermal distillation. The results show that the two fluorocarbon surfactants enhance dissolution and absorption of n-hexane, and their effectiveness is closely related to their concentrations in solution. For low concentration solutions(0.01%–0.30%), the partition coefficient decreases dramatically and the saturation capacity increases significantly with increasing concentration, but the changes for both are more modest when the concentration is over 0.30%. The FSO100 solution presents a smaller partition coefficient and a greater saturation capacity than the FSN100 solution at the same concentration,indicating a stronger solubilization for n-hexane. Thermal distillation is a feasible method to recover n-hexane from these absorption solutions, and to regenerate them. With 90 sec heating at 80–85°C, the recovery of n-hexane ranges between 81% and 85%, and the regenerated absorption solution maintains its original performance during reuse. This study provides basic information on two fluorocarbon surfactants for application in the treatment of industrial n-hexane waste gases.     

新型螯合型表面活性剂增溶菲的热力学和动力学研究

采用批平衡试验法,研究了新型螯合型表面活性剂N-十二酰基乙二胺三乙酸钠(N-LED3A)增溶菲的性能,并探讨了其增溶热力学和动力学特征.结果表明:N-LED3A可有效增溶菲,菲的表观溶解度S*w及其在表面活性剂单体和胶束相的分配系数Kmn和Kmc均随温度升高而增大;N-LED3A的临界胶束浓度(CMC)随温度的升高(15、25、35、45℃)呈现先减小后增大的趋势;菲在N-LED3A单体/水、胶束/水的表观摩尔分配焓变ΔH*mm、ΔH*mc分别为18.30、13.12 kJ·mol-1,菲在水、N-LED3A单体和胶束中的表观摩尔溶解热分别为18.87、37.17和31.99 kJ·mol-1,均为吸热过程,故温度升高有利于菲在N-LED3A单体和胶束中的分配作用,菲在水、N-LED3A单体和胶束中的溶解量随温度升高而增大。动力学方程拟合结果表明,一级动力学方程最适合描述N-LED3A对菲的增溶过程.     

Gemini1231双季铵盐选择性抑制赤潮生物生长的实验

以甲藻门的东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、裸甲藻,黄藻门的赤潮异弯藻,硅藻门的中肋骨条藻等典型赤潮生物以及绿藻门的青岛大扁藻和亚心形扁藻2种非赤潮生物为研究对象,探讨了Gemini1231双季铵盐类表面活性剂的抑藻活性.结果表明,该表面活性剂在较低浓度下(0.2～0.5 mg·L^-1时),对东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异湾藻等赤潮生物的生长表现出了明显的抑制作用.当该双季铵盐的浓度增至0.5 mg·L^-1以上时,对中肋骨条藻的生长也表现出了一定的抑制作用.而在相同浓度范围内,对裸甲藻和所选用的2种非赤潮生物生长的影响不明显,表现出了抑藻作用的选择性.对各海洋微藻的脂肪酸组成分析表明,该表面活性剂的选择性抑藻作用与不同海洋微藻生物膜的脂肪酸组成,尤其是其多不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显相关.     

Surfactant dissolution and mobilization of LNAPL contaminants in aquifers

Improper disposal, accidental spills and leaks of non-aqueousphase liquids (NAPL) such as gasoline, fuel oil and creosote result in long-term persistent sources of groundwater pollution.Column and 2-D tanks experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of surfactant-enhanced recovery of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) in groundwater aquifers. These experiments focused on the use of surfactants to promote dissolution and mobilization in addition to evaluating the increase of aqueous phase permeability as residual NAPL is recovered. Further experiments are presented that show the innovative use of surfactants during primary pumping to recover free product canpotentially increase the amount of free product recovered, canpotentially reduce the amount of residual NAPL remaining afterprimary pumping and performs better than the use of surfactantsto mobilize trapped residual NAPL.     

表面活性剂及酸处理对污泥脱水性能影响的研究

研究表面活性剂和酸处理对污泥脱水性能的影响，并探讨其作用机理。对采用最优加药量的各种加药方案进行了从污泥性质到脱水行为的一系列横向比较。污泥性质的比较依据为絮体颗粒的宏观(目测)和微观(光学和电子显微镜)变化以及在结合水含量(DSC法测)方面的变化。脱水行为的比较依据为过滤脱水速率(比阻)、离心脱水速率(1800rpm-2min离心后的泥饼含固率)、脱水程度(4800rpm～45min离心后的泥饼含固率)及脱水清液的性质(目测及测定SS、COD、TP)。实验结果表明：除了表面活性剂与Fe^3 和CaO联用外，投加表面活性剂或酸处理对提高污泥脱水速率的意义不大，但却能有效提高污泥的机械脱水程度。表面活性剂的作用机理是：分散作用使污泥絮体结构分散解体，释放出原絮体内部的结合水；增溶作用可溶解有高度水合作用的ECP。酸处理的作用机理是：H^ 与污泥的结合，改变了污泥的表面电荷特性，促进了污泥絮体间进一步的絮凝；使ECP水解，降低了絮体对水的亲和力。     

洗涤剂富磷污染及其对策

介绍了国内湖海水域富磷污染的现状,指出含磷洗涤剂的使用是造成富磷污染的主要原因,提出了解决富磷污染的对策及适合中国国情的洗涤剂发展方向。     

燃煤陶瓷窑炉黑烟净化技术研究

利用一种自配的表面活性剂溶液进行了吸收燃煤陶瓷窑炉黑烟的试验研究。试验结果表明:当入口含尘浓度为800￣1500mg/m3,气流速度为13￣15m/s时,液位高度为30mm时,除尘效率达到95%以上。     

北京土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附及影响因素分析

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京地区土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附行为,考察了温度和表面活性剂对甲苯和萘吸附的影响.结果表明,尽管7种土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附能力差别较大,但其吸附等温线均很好的符合Freundlich吸附模式;同一土壤中,萘的吸附量大于甲苯的吸附量.温度升高不利于甲苯和萘在土壤中的吸附.十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)均利于甲苯和萘在土壤表面的解吸,CTAB和SDBS对甲苯和萘的解吸率最高分别可达27.5%、12.1%和64.3%、48.8%,说明SDBS的解吸效果更好.甲苯     

泡沫法分离表面活性物质的效率研究

本文介绍泡沫法净化表面活性废水的效率.探讨提浓效率与原水表面活性物质浓度的关系以及pH值与硬度对提浓效率的影响.