近30年我国自然灾害灾情时间分布特征分析

利用民政部统计核定的1978-2009年全国年度灾情数据,以及国家统计局发布的社会经济统计数据,从灾情指标的绝对量、相对量及其变异系数入手,分析了我国自然灾害的年际、年代际趋势变化和波动变化特征。结果表明:近30年来,我国自然灾害灾情年际和年代际变化趋势明显。总体上,死亡人口下降趋势明显,人口受灾情况、农作物受灾情况和直接经济损失上升趋势明显,但相对直接经济损失下降趋势明显,房屋倒塌比例也有所下降;1990年代,灾害造成的各项损失较之1980年代增大趋势明显。我国自然灾害的影响范围趋于相对稳定,而灾害强度波动性较大,且有增大趋势。灾情的趋势和波动变化特征,反映了全球气候变化下极端事件更加频发,强度有所增加的趋势。灾情指标的大小与年度主要灾害类型以及重灾年份有关。     

我国北方城市暴雨灾害演化过程及风险分析

提出一种基于灾害演化网络的风险分析方法,针对城市暴雨灾害的演化过程进行了风险分析。利用复杂网络理论构建北方城市暴雨灾害演化网络模型,将危机事件分为三个等级,并探讨了事件级别和出入度的关系;分析城市暴雨灾害链演化特点和暴雨危机事件后果蔓延规律,得到关键危机事件和演化链。结果表明,交通堵塞是我国北方城市暴雨灾害系统中关键危机事件;暴雨灾害演化系统存在短链、长直链和循环链三种结构,其中循环链中的危机事件互为因果,可自行激化,是灾害演化网络控制的关键结构。     

农村灾害避难场所布局规划评价研究——以四川省小鱼洞镇为例

灾害避难场所不仅在灾中或灾后能为农村灾民提供一个临时安置或生存场所,而且更是农村整合其有限资源开展防灾减灾工作的平台,在农村社区减灾中工作发挥着重要的作用,然而相关研究工作较少。以四川省彭州市小鱼洞镇为例,通过对政府既定的避难场所进行安全性、通达性、收容性、生活性等分析,综合评价这些避难场所的布局合理性。以期为该区避难所的进一步建设提供科学依据,也为农村灾害避难所的规划和评价提供参考实例。     

国际减灾教育进展

减灾教育是防灾减灾的重要途径和组成部分,联合国教科文组织提出"防灾减灾始于学校",利用知识和教育培养抗灾意识。通过对国际重要会议的决议及联合国历次减灾大会进展报告中有关国际减灾教育的主要内容进行梳理,总结了历年来国际减灾意识培训的进展轨迹,分析了减灾意识教育的发展趋势。     

城市和农村社区防灾减灾手册和挂图的设计与编制

介绍了城市和农村社区防灾减灾手册和挂图的设计和编制,包括设计和编制原则、编制流程、手册和挂图的内容与结构、挂图编制的主要表示方法以及编制的组织和实施过程。     

Networking emergency teams in Jerusalem

With the recent upsurge in terrorism, more and more attention is being directed at examining the effectiveness and efficiency of emergency teams. These teams tend to focus on their areas of expertise without necessarily communicating, cooperating or coordinating their operations. Research suggests that improved interpersonal communication and coordination enhances the overall work of each emergency team, and that their combined effort is far in excess of the sum of their individual endeavours. This paper outlines attempts made in Jerusalem to improve the performance of emergency teams and to help the helpers by holding training workshops, setting up a forum of co‐workers and encouraging dialogue among various emergency teams in the city. A planned intervention programme was designed to enable informal networking between team leaders. The programme had an impact on team workers and resulted in a more coordinated and effective service delivery during emergencies.     

Comparative analysis of permanent post-disaster houses constructed in Çankırı and Dinar

A major challenge after an earthquake is how to establish a new residential area of a similar or even improved standard for people who have suffered psychological, social and economic impacts and witnessed significant damage to the physical environment. As part of a research project conducted in 2005 and 2008, questionnaires were administered to the permanent occupiers of post‐disaster houses in the Turkish cities of Çank?r? and Dinar. They were asked to compare the comfort levels and other characteristics of the houses in which they now reside with those of the traditional houses in which they used to live. The survey revealed that such aspects do not differ between the two types of accommodation. However, differences were identified between the two areas under review (Çank?r? and Dinar). In addition, average scores for traditional houses were higher than those for post‐disaster houses in both places.     

巨灾保险下减灾积极性的影响因素及激励措施——基于美国巨灾保险项目的经验

讨论了保险的损失补偿职能和防灾减灾功能的关系,分析了巨灾保险框架下影响被保险人、保险人和其他利害方减灾积极性的多种因素,并基于美国的实践经验,从巨灾保险制度自身设计、政府支持和社会其他利害方的配合这三个角度剖析了调动防灾减灾积极性的各种手段和政策措施。这些经验对我国巨灾保险体系的构建具有一定的借鉴意义。研究结论表明,在合理的制度下,巨灾保险将发挥重要的防灾减灾功能。     

渤海西岸盐业气象灾害灾损评估方法研究

针对渤海西岸盐业生产中所遭受的暴雨、突发性的雷阵雨、大风(短时)、风暴潮、低温等气象灾害,阐述了其灾损评估的理论依据,全面分析了影响原盐生产的主要气象灾害的各种因素,选取了其合适的气象灾害指标,并进行分级,确定了灾害的评估方法,并建立了灾损评估模型,通过检验,说明其效果良好。     

基于GIS的太湖流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险定量化研究

暴雨洪水灾害是威胁人类的区域重要气象灾害,暴雨风险研究具有重要的现实意义。在GIS/RS技术支撑下,采用AHP层次分析法和综合指数方法对太湖区域暴雨洪水风险压力进行了定量化研究。研究发现:①由于降水频度高危险性指数为5.5～7.1,湖西区属于重度危险到极度危险区;浦东浦西区危险性指数为4.5～5.5,属于中度危险到重度危险区;武澄锡区、阳澄淀泖区由于地势低洼,危险性指数为4.2～5.5,属于轻度危险到重度危险区;杭州湾北岸的杭嘉湖区、浙西区受径流影响,危险指数为2.3～4.8,属于微度危险到中度危险区。②上海的浦东、浦西区与苏州、无锡、常州、杭州、镇江的脆弱性指数为7～10,属于重度脆弱到极度脆弱区;张家港、常熟、太仓、昆山以及浙北地区的湖州、嘉兴等地脆弱性指数为4.8～7.0,属于中度脆弱到重度脆弱区;浙西的山区脆弱性指数为1～4.6,属于微度脆弱到轻度脆弱区。③太湖流域北岸的湖西区、武澄锡区、阳澄淀泖区以及浦东浦西区的综合风险指数较高;杭嘉湖区次之;浙西区综合风险最低。