TiO_2-SO_4~(2-)/Glass光催化降解甲基橙溶液的方法

研究以平玻璃和毛玻璃为载体,用Sol gel法制备附载型TiO2/Glass光催化剂,并用H2SO4溶液浸泡制得TiO2 SO2-4/Glass光催化剂。考察了光催化剂对甲基橙溶液的光催化性能。结果表明:平玻璃附载TiO2的光催化活性低于毛玻璃附载TiO2的光催化活性。且毛玻璃附载TiO2经连续6次使用后光催化活性基本不变。毛玻璃附载TiO2经H2SO4溶液处理后光催化活性明显升高。     

洗毛废水治理工艺新探

根据洗羊毛工艺排出废水的特性，用笔者开发研究的ＭＦＭ－９４工艺和ＪＦ－Ⅱ型无机高效凝聚剂处理洗毛废水，可以便利地使处理水ＢＯＤ达４００ｍｇ／ｌ以内，ＣＯＤ在６００ｍｇ／ｌ以内，每吨废水处理费用仅为２．７５元，处理后可直接进污水处理厂再处理，也可经后续生化处理后排放。     

Reusable and disposable cups: An energy-based evaluation

A group of five different types of reusable and disposable hot drink cups have been analyzed in detail with respect to their overall energy costs during fabrication and use. Electricity generating methods and efficiencies have been found to be key factors in the primary energy consumption for the washing of reusable cups and a less important factor in cup fabrication. In Canada or the United States, over 500 or more use cycles, reusable cups are found to have about the same or slightly more energy consumption, use for use, as moulded polystyrene foam cups used once and then discarded. For the same area paper cups used once and discarded are found to consume less fossil fuel energy per use than any of the other cup types examined. Details of this analysis, which could facilitate the comparative assessment of other scenarios, are presented.     

Glass-ceramics from vitrified sewage sludge pyrolysis residues and recycled glasses

Pyrolysis of urban plant sewage sludge has been demonstrated to be an effective way to produce fuel gas. However, a complete disposal of this particular waste is not achieved if the solid residues from the treatment are not considered. In this paper we discuss the feasibility an integrated pyrolysis/vitrification/sintering approach, aimed at a “full” disposal: the pyrolysis residues are first converted into a glass, then transformed into glass–ceramics, by simple viscous flow sintering treatments, with or without additions of inexpensive recycled glasses and kaolin clay. The obtained products were demonstrated to constitute an alternative to natural stones, in terms of both mechanical strength and chemical stability.     

Effects of sulfur on variations in the chemical speciation of heavy metals from fly ash glass

● A higher sulfur content reduced the curing rate of Cr in glass. ● Depolymerization increased the amounts of heavy metals in the carbonate bound state. ● Reducing the CaO/SiO₂ ratio increased the proportion of stable heavy metals. This work designed a new CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-SO₃ glass for the immobilization of multiple heavy metals found in dechlorinated fly ash having high amounts of calcium and sulfur. Increasing the (CaO + SO₃)/SiO₂ mass ratio (M(CS/S)) from 0.28 to 0.85 was found to lower the proportions of Mn, Ni and Zn in an unstable state, while an M(CS/S) ratio of 0.51 gave the lowest proportions of unstable Cr and Pb. Decreasing the degree of polymerization of the glassy network increased the proportions of Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in the carbonate bound state. The leaching out of metals in this state was the primary cause of degradation of Q³ structural units in the glassy network. The amount of Mn in the iron-manganese oxide bound state was increased by increasing the number of Q² units in the silicate network. Decreasing the CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio (M(C/S)) raised the proportions of Mn, Ni and Zn in the unstable state. An M(C/S) value of 0.43 lowered the proportions of unstable Cr and Pb. A principal components analysis determined that the leaching of toxic heavy metals from the glass was primarily related to the proportions of these metals in the unstable state while there were no evident correlations between leaching and the proportions in stable states.     

不同滤筒中无机元素含量探讨

选择国内10家制造商的玻璃纤维滤筒和国外2家制造商的石英滤筒,分别测定空白滤筒中的铍、铬、铅等17种元素,探讨不同滤筒中各元素的含量分布,同时结合相关分析方法标准的质控要求,评价各制造商玻璃纤维滤筒在废气监测中的适用性。     

ICP-MS同时快速测定环境空气中15种金属污染物

用玻璃(或石英)纤维滤膜采集环境空气样品,在氢氟酸和浓硝酸溶液中消解澄清,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定含量。结果表明,进口滤膜重金属本底值较低且均一,更适合于环境空气中重金属监测。标准品滤膜E023-1125测定值均在认定值附近,相对误差在0.308%~4.96%之间,加标回收率在95.7%~107%之间,检出限在0.115~3.98 ng/m3之间,满足日常环境监测分析要求。     

Risk assessment of boron in glass wool insulation

Background, aim and scope  Glass wools are man-made vitreous fibres, which consist principally of sodium, calcium and magnesium silicates, but may contain smaller amounts of other elements, including boron. The boron contents originate from the use of borates in the glass melting process as a glass former and a flux agent. During the production and application of glass wool insulation products, workers may legally be exposed to glass fibre up to the occupational limit value, commonly of 1 fibre/cm³. However, in practice, the fibre exposure will be at least ten times lower. Boron is a non-metallic element widely distributed in nature, where it occurs as boric acid, borates and borosilicates. Humans are mainly exposed to boron via vegetarian food and drinking water, mineral supplements and various consumer products. Boron is an essential element for plant growth, but the essentiality for humans is not proven, although intakes of trace amounts of the element seem to be useful for bone health and proper brain function; higher concentrations of boron, however, may be toxic. In relation to the European Union legislation on dangerous substances, an EU Expert Group has recommended classifying boric acid and borates with risk phrases for reproductive toxicity. The aim of this paper is to assess whether the new EU hazard classification of boron compounds should imply that glass wool products used for building insulation in the future should be labelled, “may impair fertility and cause harm to the unborn child”, because of the low boron content. Materials and methods  Boron intakes are estimated in a worst-case occupational situation with human exposure to glass wool fibres at the occupational limit of 1 fibre/cm³ by calculation of the mass of the amount of fibres inhaled during an 8-h work day. Fibres are supposed to be cylinders of glass with a length of 30 μm, an average diameter of 1.5–2 μm and containing either 1.5% or 3.5% boron. As a worst-case scenario, the density of the fibres is set to 2,700 kg/m³. The inhalation rate of the individuals at moderate work load was set to 2 m³/h. A worst-case scenario also corresponds to 100% retention and to 100% solubility of the retained fibres in the lungs. Results  With the normal boron content of 1.5% in glass wool fibres for building insulation, the extra daily occupational boron intake/uptake will be 0.03–0.06 mg B for 5 days a week. For more uncommon glass wool with maximum boron content of 3.5%, the worst-case daily boron intake/uptake will be 0.08–0.16 mg B. The main boron exposure in the general population is from vegetarian food, and the average daily dietary intake with food is estimated to 1.2–1.5 mg B/day. In addition, significant intakes may come with drinking water, especially from mineral water. In some instances, exposure from mineral supplements, cosmetics and other consumer products may be significant. For example, individuals taking mineral supplements, e.g. for bodybuilding, may have an additional intake to that of 1–10 mg/day. During the years, various organisations have recommended safe intake values for boron. Recently, the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established the ‘Tolerable Upper Intake Level’ (UL) for the intake of boron (boric acid and borates) at 0.16 mg B/kg body weight per day or about 10 mg B/day for an adult. Discussion  The calculated, worst-case exposure scenario during an 8-h work day will result in an extra daily boron intake that only corresponds to about 10% of the average daily adult boron intakes through food and drinks of about 1.5 mg. The inter-individual variations in boron intakes from foods, water and supplements will be much greater than an eventual, very worst-case, additional intake of boron from inhalation of glass wool fibres. In addition, the combined intakes are far lower than the ‘Tolerable Upper Intake Level’ of 10 mg B/day for a person weighing 60 kg, as recommended by the European Food Safety Agency. The potential boron intake from inhalation of glass wool fibres is also much lower than boron intakes by workers in the boron industry, who at the present occupational limit value will be exposed to 50 mg of boron 5 days a week, or 100 times more than the worst case for glass wool fibres. Furthermore, in practice, exposure levels will mostly be ten to 100 times lower than the occupational limit used here as a worst case. Conclusions  The estimated boron intake from inhalation of glass wool fibres in occupational settings will be insignificant and without any health risks, even in the case of non-compliance with the occupational limit value. Any proposal requiring hazard labels on commercial glass wool products for building insulation, because of the boron content, is not supported by the present scientific knowledge. Recommendations and perspectives  The European Commission should ensure that the new EU hazard classification of boron compounds is not applied to commercial glass wool products for building insulation having a low content of boron.     

双级气浮法处理洗毛废水

阐述了用双级气浮法处理洗毛废水的全部过程及结果.用一种单元操作—双级气浮,加一次药—CK—Ⅱ型洗毛废水处理剂,使排放水的各项指标均达到GB8978—88三级标准,接近二级标准.     

不同基质负载的TiO2薄膜光催化性能的比较

采用溶胶凝胶法制备出纳米TiO2粉末、ITO导电玻璃和普通玻璃负载的纳米TiO2薄膜光催化刺。通过对乙酸的降解实验表明：镀膜4次的TiO2／ITO薄膜的催化活性大约是TiO2／giass薄膜的2倍,与等负载量的TiO2粉末相比也具有较高的光催化活性。使用10次后,TiO2／ITO薄膜和TiO2／glass薄膜的光催化活性分别降低了25％和12％。但经再生后,催化活性可恢复至90％左右。