光照下铜离子对水中氢氧自由基生成量的影响

研究了水溶液中铜离子与抗坏血酸、柠檬酸盐及藻等配合体系在高压汞灯光照下产生氢氧自由基的情况,其中铜与抗坏血酸系统反应最强,高压汞灯光照增强了铜与抗坏血酸反应产生氢氧自由基的过程,高压汞灯光照时所产生的自由基量为不光照时的6～7倍。同时铜(或抗坏血酸)单一的水溶液在光照条件下也能产生氢氧自由基。铜离子与柠檬酸钠溶液混合在光照下能产生氢氧自由基;铜离子与藻液混合能加倍藻液中氢氧自由基的产生。     

Nitrification potentials of Chinese tea orchard soils and their adjacent wasteland and forest soils

To investigate the nitrifying activities of di erent soil types, soil samples collected from 8-, 50- and 90-year old tea orchards, the adjacent wasteland, and 90-year old forest were measured for their nitrification potentials using the conventional soil incubation and the liquid incubation method. Among di erent soil types, the nitrification potential of soil in tea orchards was higher than that of wasteland and forest soils. The slurry shaken liquid incubation method was confirmed to be more accurate and have reliable results than the soil incubation. Interestingly, experimental result revealed that the generally applied pH value of 7.2 for the liquid media was not the optimal pH for these acid soils with a strong bu er capacity. This suggested that tea orchard soils may have nitrifiers requiring pHneutral condition for the best activity. Our data also showed that treatment with the commonly used nitrogen fertilizer urea significantly improved nitrification potential of the soils; such enhancement e ect was stronger on all of three tea orchard soils than on wasteland and forest soils, and also stronger on the younger (8- and 50-year old) tea orchard soils than on the older one (90-year old).     

A stochastic model for estimating sustainable limits to wildlife mortality in a changing world

Human-caused mortality of wildlife is a pervasive threat to biodiversity. Assessing the population-level impact of fisheries bycatch and other human-caused mortality of wildlife has typically relied upon deterministic methods. However, population declines are often accelerated by stochastic factors that are not accounted for in such conventional methods. Building on the widely applied potential biological removal (PBR) equation, we devised a new population modeling approach for estimating sustainable limits to human-caused mortality and applied it in a case study of bottlenose dolphins affected by capture in an Australian demersal otter trawl fishery. Our approach, termed sustainable anthropogenic mortality in stochastic environments (SAMSE), incorporates environmental and demographic stochasticity, including the dependency of offspring on their mothers. The SAMSE limit is the maximum number of individuals that can be removed without causing negative stochastic population growth. We calculated a PBR of 16.2 dolphins per year based on the best abundance estimate available. In contrast, the SAMSE model indicated that only 2.3–8.0 dolphins could be removed annually without causing a population decline in a stochastic environment. These results suggest that reported bycatch rates are unsustainable in the long term, unless reproductive rates are consistently higher than average. The difference between the deterministic PBR calculation and the SAMSE limits showed that deterministic approaches may underestimate the true impact of human-caused mortality of wildlife. This highlights the importance of integrating stochasticity when evaluating the impact of bycatch or other human-caused mortality on wildlife, such as hunting, lethal control measures, and wind turbine collisions. Although population viability analysis (PVA) has been used to evaluate the impact of human-caused mortality, SAMSE represents a novel PVA framework that incorporates stochasticity for estimating acceptable levels of human-caused mortality. It offers a broadly applicable, stochastic addition to the demographic toolbox to evaluate the impact of human-caused mortality on wildlife.     

Predicting future invasion risk of three widespread malignant weeds on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,using multi-algorithm ensemble models北大核心CSCD

农田恶性杂草相比普通杂草的传播更为迅速且难以有效防治,对农业生产危害严重.明确典型恶性杂草当前潜在分布面积及未来气候变化下对耕地的潜在入侵风险对农业生产管理具有重要意义.以广泛分布于青藏高原农田中的3种常见恶性杂草,即野燕麦(Avena fatua L.)、一年生早熟禾(Poa annua L.)和狗尾草[Setaria viridis(L.)P.Beauv.]为研究对象,利用广义增强模型(GBM)、广义线性模型(GLM)、人工神经网络(ANN)、最大熵(MaxEnt)、随机森林(RF)及多元自适应回归样条(MARS)算法集合预测上述3种杂草在青藏高原的潜在地理分布以及驱动其变化的关键因子,以评估其对耕地的入侵风险.未来气候场景采用最新的第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)框架下2050年的4种共享经济路线(SSP1-2.6、2-4.5、3-7.0、5-8.5).结果显示:野燕麦适宜分布区面积约为3.5912×10^(5) km^(2),主要分布于四川西南部及青海东部,零星分布于甘肃、西藏和新疆;一年生早熟禾和狗尾草的适宜分布区面积约为4.3046×10^(5) km^(2)和2.0036×10^(5) km^(2),均主要分布于四川西南部和西藏东南部,零星分布于青海东部和甘肃南部.年均温是3种杂草分布的最主要驱动因子.此外,人类足迹和土壤有效氮是影响野燕麦分布的相对重要因子;土壤酸碱度、最暖季降水量是影响一年生早熟禾分布的重要因子;温度季节性、最暖季降水量是影响狗尾草分布的重要因子.预计至2050年,3种杂草在4种情境下均会出现不同程度的扩张,狗尾草的扩张面积表现出随辐射强迫的增强呈先升高后趋于稳定的趋势,而另两种杂草则呈先升后降的趋势.预计3种杂草的潜在分布面积在耕地中的占比与扩张面积的变化趋势一致,且在主产区的占比高于非主产区.模拟结果表明,未来气候变化下,随着3种恶性杂草的适宜分布区面积的扩张,其对青藏高原耕地的入侵风险将增加,尤其是粮食主产区所面临威胁更为严峻,建议应重点关注青藏高原粮食主产区恶性杂草的生理生态、迁移扩散和防治技术研究.(图6表2参61)     

Mechanistic insight into the biofilm formation and process performance of a passive aeration ditch (PAD) for decentralized wastewater treatment

• A Passive Aeration Ditch was developed to treat decentralized wastewater. • A model was developed to describe the process performance. • A high C/N ratio facilitates microbial growth but nitrification deteriorates. • A high salinity decreases both organic and nitrogen contaminants removal. Decentralized wastewater containing elevated salinity is an emerging threat to the local environment and sanitation in remote coastal communities. Regarding the cost and treatment efficiencies, we propose a passive aeration ditch (PAD) using non-woven polyester fabric as a feasible bubbleless aerator and biofilm carrier for wastewater treatment. Consideration has been first given to PAD’s efficacy in treating saline decentralized wastewater, and then to the impact of chemical oxygen demand-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and salinity on biofilm formation. A multispecies model incorporating the salinity effect has been developed to depict the system performance and predict the microbial community. Results showed that the PAD system had great capacity for pollutants removal. The biofilm thickness increased at a higher C/N ratio because of the boost of aerobic heterotrophs and denitrifying bacteria, which consequently improved the COD and total nitrogen removal. However, this led to the deterioration of ammonia removal. Moreover, while a higher salinity benefited the biofilm growth, the contaminant removal efficiencies decreased because the salinity inhibited the activity of aerobic heterotrophs and reduced the abundance of nitrifying bacteria inside the biofilm. Based on the model simulation, feed water with salinity below 2% and C/N ratio in a range of 1 to 3 forms a biofilm that can reach relatively high organic matter and ammonia removal. These findings not only show the feasibility of PAD in treatment of saline decentralized wastewater, but also offer a systematic strategy to predict and optimize the process performance.     

山东半岛近地面O3浓度时空变化及潜在源区解析

为探究山东半岛在长时间序列上的臭氧（O₃）时空分布特征及潜在来源,在分析山东半岛2005～2020年O₃浓度时空变化的基础上,运用小波分析、熵权法和相关性分析对O₃及其影响因素进行了探讨,并对山东半岛O₃的潜在来源进行研究.结果表明：（1）时间格局上,山东半岛地区近地面臭氧2005～2020年间呈现出“三峰型”趋势,2010年达到最大值[（40.48±7.64）μg·m^-3], 2013年为最小值[（36.63±5.61）μg·m^-3].季节表现为：夏季[（42.49±1.7）μg·m^-3]>春季[（40.65±0.6）μg·m^-3]>秋季[（36.47±0.7）μg·m^-3>冬季[（36.46±0.3）μg·m^-3].（2）空间格局上,2005～2020年山东半岛O₃浓度随着纬度的升高而逐渐升高,呈现出东西部高,中部低的特征,O...     

郑州市大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征、来源及健康风险评估:基于高分辨数据

为了研究城市大气PM_2.5中重金属的污染特征和来源,于2017年的7月和10月及2018年的1月和4月,利用在线金属分析仪对郑州市大气PM_2.5中的21种元素进行在线检测,分析了重金属浓度变化;通过富集因子、主成分分析和潜在源贡献等方法对重金属进行溯源;采用环境健康风险评价模型评估其健康风险.结果表明,K、 Zn、 Mn、 Pb、 Cu、 As、 Cr和Se的浓度随污染等级的提高而增加;富集因子和主成分分析法结果表明,重金属主要来源为地壳源、混合燃烧源、工业源和机动车源;雷达特征图表明,地壳源主导的污染主要发生在春、冬两季,混合燃烧源主导的污染主要发生在冬季;Pb、 As和Ni受汾渭平原、京津冀和河南南部的传输影响较大,Cd受采样点西北部影响较大;As对成年人和儿童均有显著致癌风险,Pb和Sb对儿童存在显著非致癌风险.     

南方丘陵区土壤重金属含量、来源及潜在生态风险评价

为了探究南方丘陵区土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险状况,选择南方某省丘陵区作为研究区,利用2017年采集的60个点位的土壤样品,采用单因子污染指数（P_i）、内梅罗综合污染指数（P_综）和潜在生态风险指数（RI）评估As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn这8种重金属含量特征和潜在生态风险程度,并利用正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）解析其污染来源.结果表明：①研究区8种重金属元素的含量均有超标,内梅罗综合污染指数显示,研究区呈现轻度、中度和重度污染所占的比例分别为63%、8%和2%,无污染和轻微污染的样点占27%,因此基本处于轻度污染;②综合潜在生态风险指数表明,土壤重金属RI为39.58~224.15,低等和中等生态风险的样点所占的比例为73.33%和25%,而重度生态风险的样点所占比例为1.67%,该样点生态风险程度虽然最高,但重金属含量低于该省土壤元素背景值;③通过PMF模型得到6个污染源：自然源、农业活动源、铜矿采选和交通运输组成的混合源、工业活动源、交通源和生活垃圾排放源,贡献率依次为24.8%、17.7%、17.7%、17.6%、12.0%和10.2%.     

台风灾害的模糊风险评估模型

台风灾害的致灾因子具有多重性，这使得台风灾害的风险评估相对于其它灾害来说更加复杂。本文以广东省14个市辖区为例，分别从台风暴雨和台风大风的角度分析了台风致灾因子的时、空、强规律；结合进行研究区承灾体的易损性分析，即选择研究区人口密度、人均GDP和农业占GDP的比重等3个指标综合反映研究区台风灾害的潜在损失风险。在此基础上，本文进一步评估了研究区台风灾害所造成的风险水平的地区差异。结果表明，阳江、深圳、汕尾、珠海、湛江是广东省14个市辖区中受台风灾害影响风险最高的5个区域。     

海洋破囊壶菌△~5-延长酶和△~4-脱饱和酶在酿酒酵母中的共表达

二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA C22:6n-3)是具有各种重要生理功能的高度不饱和脂肪酸.分别以质粒pYTFD5和pYFAD4为模板,扩增获得860 bp的△5-延长酶基因(elo5)和1 600 bp的△4-脱饱和酶基因(fad4).利用重叠延伸PCR构建elo5-fad4融合基因,Hind Ⅲ/Sph Ⅰ双酶切后连接到经同样处理过的pYES2.0载体,构建重组表达质粒pYEL05-FAD4.转化酿酒酵母尿嘧啶缺陷型菌株INVScl,通过缺少尿嘧啶的选择性培养基筛选阳性克隆子.添加外源脂肪酸C20:5底物.半乳糖诱导表达.气相色谱-质谱分析表明,重组酵母总脂肪酸中出现了DHA(二十二碳六烯酸,C22:6n-63)新产物,融合基因elo5-fad4在酿酒酵母中得到了表达.图7表1参18