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971.
Andrew D. Richardson Thomas G. Siccama 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(4):913-918
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to explore the validity of the old analogy that “soil is like a sponge.” Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure two hydrologic properties of porous media: drainage under gravity, and water potential curves. A tipping bucket rain gage connected to a data logger was used to measure the rate at which water drained under the force of gravity from a trough filled with four saturated porous media ‐ cellulose sponges, topsoil, peat, and a medium sand. Pressure plate techniques were used to determine water potential curves for soil materials and sponges. In terms of relative cumulative discharge from the trough, sponges were intermediate between peat and topsoil. Because of their tremendous water‐holding capacity, sponges discharged more than 2.5 times as much water as did peat. The water potential curve for sponges was fairly flat, like that of topsoil, but the high water content across all pressures (0.30–15.0 bars) indicated some similarity to peat. The results of these experiments suggest that the general patterns of water retention and release in soil materials and sponges are similar and vary only in degree. 相似文献
972.
973.
内蒙高腐殖酸地下水中碘的分布特征与IDD病的关系 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
为探讨碘在高腐植酸地下水中的分布特征 ,研究内蒙古河套平原地区 51份水样 .分析结果显示 ,水质偏碱 (平均值 pH=7.91 ) ,水中腐植酸和 COD含量均高 ,地下水类型属于 HCO3-Na和 HCO3-Cl- Na型 .在这种高还原型盐水环境中水碘平均浓度达到 430 μg/L,超过了水碘安全浓度范围的上限 ( 5~ 200μg/L) .相关分析结果显示 ,水碘浓度与其它因素的相关顺序是 :COD>荧光强度 >电导率 >HCO-3>Cl->Na+>pH>As>井深 .当地地下水中碘的分布呈现出碘浓度随腐植酸含量和盐渍化程度增加而增加的趋势 .由于这些因素的综合作用 ,当地没有发生高碘型碘缺乏病 ( IDD)的大面积流行 . 相似文献
974.
975.
利用EOF和环流合成统计方法,分析了我国北方近40年来沙尘暴日数变化的时空异常特征及其气候成因.结果表明,20世纪80年代以来的太阳活动加强,全球气候变暖,青藏高原地面加热场强度加强,欧亚西风急流轴北移,西太平洋副热带高压偏北偏西,强度加强,蒙古气旋减弱,西北西部的沙尘源区降水增加,是中国北方沙尘暴减少的主要原因.20世纪末到21世纪初太阳活动进入新一轮的减弱期,引起气候变暖趋势减弱,气温逐渐降低,青藏高原地面加热场强度减弱,蒙古气旋逐渐加强.预计未来中国北方沙尘暴将在波动中逐渐增加,进入新一轮的相对活跃期. 相似文献
976.
Summary. Tannins are plant defense compounds that exhibit antibiotic (e.g. toxic) and antixenotic (e.g. repellent) effects against
an array of plant pests. They are broadly divided into two major groups, hydrolysable tannins (gallotannins and ellagitannins)
and proanthocyanidins, each with an undetermined number of compounds. We investigated constitutive levels of hydrolysable
tannins and proanthocyanidins in the leaves and stems of American (Castanea dentata Marshall) (Fagales: Fagaceae) and Chinese (C. mollissima Blume) chestnut. American chestnut contained more proanthocyanidins in leaves and stems than Chinese chestnut, but Chinese
chestnut contained more foliar hydrolysable tannins. Regardless of these differences, gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L, Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) performance did not differ when fed American and Chinese chestnuts. We also investigated the
effects of jasmonic acid (JA) treatment on differential tannin induction in American and Chinese chestnut leaves and stems.
JA treatment increased proanthocyanidins in American chestnut stems and hydrolysable tannins in both tissue types of American
chestnut, but did not influence tannin concentrations in Chinese chestnut leaves or stems. HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of pooled
samples suggested that hydrolysable tannins in each tissue were qualitatively comprised primarily of ellagitannins, and JA
generally increased the number of hydrolysable tannins that could be detected by ESI-MS. Third, we investigated the performance
of gypsy moths on JA treated and untreated American and Chinese chestnut. Caterpillar relative growth was not influenced by
JA treatment on Chinese chestnut, but decreased in response to JA application on American chestnut. Our results indicate that
JA-dependent defenses differ between these chestnut species. This study improves our understanding of ecologically important
differences in tannin induction and herbivore susceptibility in Castanea, and has important implications in efforts for American chestnut restoration and commercial chestnut production. 相似文献
977.
Bridging the gap between ecophysiological and genetic knowledge to assess the adaptive potential of European beech 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. Kramer J. Buiteveld M. Forstreuter T. Geburek S. Leonardi P. Menozzi F. Povillon M.J. Schelhaas E. Teissier du Cros G.G. Vendramin D.C. van der Werf 《Ecological modelling》2008,216(3-4):333-353
In this study we aimed to combine knowledge of the ecophysiology and genetics of European beech to assess the potential of this species to adapt to environmental change. Therefore, we performed field and experimental studies on the genetic and ecophysiological functioning of beech. This information was integrated through a coupled genetic–ecophysiological model for individual trees that was parameterized with information derived from our own studies or from the literature. Using the model, we evaluated the adaptive response of beech stands in two ways: firstly, through sensitivity analyses (of initial genetic diversity, pollen dispersal distance, heritability of selected phenotypic traits, and forest management, representing disturbances) and secondly, through the evaluation of the responses of phenotypic traits and their genetic diversity to four management regimes applied to 10 study plots distributed over Western Europe. The model results indicate that the interval between recruitment events strongly affects the rate of adaptive response, because selection is most severe during the early stages of forest development. Forest management regimes largely determine recruitment intervals and thereby the potential for adaptive responses. Forest management regimes also determine the number of mother trees that contribute to the next generation and thereby the genetic variation that is maintained. Consequently, undisturbed forests maintain the largest amount of genetic variation, as recruitment intervals approach the longevity of trees and many mother trees contribute to the next generation. However, undisturbed forests have the slowest adaptive response, for the same reasons.Gene flow through pollen dispersal may compensate for the loss in genetic diversity brought about by selection. The sensitivity analysis showed that the total genetic diversity of a 2 ha stand is not affected by gene flow if the pollen distance distribution is varied from highly left-skewed to almost flat. However, a stand with a prevailing short-distance gene flow has a more pronounced spatial genetic structure than stands with equal short- and long-distance gene flows. The build-up of a spatial genetic structure is also strongly determined by the recruitment interval. Overall, the modelling results indicate that European beech has high adaptive potential to environmental change if recruitment intervals are short and many mother trees contribute to the next generation.The findings have two implications for modelling studies on the impacts of climate change on forests. Firstly: it cannot be taken for granted that parameter values remain constant over a time horizon of even a few generations – this is particularly important for threshold values subject to strong selection, like budburst, frost hardiness, drought tolerance, as used in species area models. Secondly: forest management should be taken into account in future assessments, as management affects the rate of adaptive response and thereby the response on trees and forests to environmental change, and because few forests are unmanaged. We conclude that a coupled ecophysiological and quantitative genetic tree model is a useful tool for such studies. 相似文献
978.
水杨酸对梨叶感染轮纹菌后脂肪酸、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿体超微结构的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
用0.3 mmol L-1水杨酸预先处理梨叶片,3 d后接种轮纹病菌(Physalospora Piricola Nose),接种3 d后开始测定各种指标,随后每隔3 d测定1次,共5次.结果表明,经SA处理的梨叶片,感染轮纹病菌后不饱和脂肪酸含量(UFA)、不饱和脂肪酸指数(IUFA)、叶绿素含量、原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)比未经SA处理的相应提高;非光化学猝灭系数(qN)比未经SA处理的相应下降.电镜观察表明,部分叶绿体膨大,变形;基粒片层弯曲、散开;淀粉粒数量减少;经SA处理后,症状减轻.图3表1参20 相似文献
979.
980.
Effects of simulated acid rain on fertility of litchi 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The regulatory role of calcium in fertility of pollen and pistil under simulated acid rain was investigated. The germination percentage of pollen treated with acid rain of pH 4.5 was 9.42% lower than that of control, and that of pH 3.5, pH 2.5 and pH 1.5 were 22.47%, 45.49% and 71.62%, respectively. Simultaneously, the injury character of pollen was obviously observed when flowers were treated with acid rain of pH 3.5. The difference in fruit setting rate between the female flower treated with acid rain of pH 4.0 and the control was significant at p 〈 0.05. Ca(NO3 )5 of 0.2-0.4 mmol/L could promote pollen germination under the stress of acid rain. The beneficial function was reduced when calcium concentration surpassed 0.8 mmol/L. Spraying 2 mmol/L Ca(NO3 )5 reduced the injury of acid rain to pistil and increased fruit-setting rate significantly. The physiological importance of calcium during pollen germination and pistil development was also discussed. 相似文献