我国古代排水、排污设施的变化及发展

本文针对当前城镇主要环境问题之一——排水和污水处理问题,介绍了我国古代在城市排水和污水处理设施建设、管理和规划方面的丰富经验和杰出成就,回溯了从原始社会末期,早期城市雏形出现到城市排水、排污设施的发展、完善,使我们得到启迪,以便更好地解决城镇环境问题,做好排水、排污处理工作。     

上海市废旧荧光灯管回收体系建设的对策研究

废旧荧光灯管因含汞列入《国家危险废物名录》,若采取不当方式回收处置对环境存在污染隐患,由于多种原因大部分废旧荧光灯管未得到无害化处置,已经引起社会各界的关注和政府部门的重视。结合上海市的废旧荧光灯管产生及回收处置现状,针对法规、政策、机制方面存在的问题,通过研究提出源头控制、多渠道回收、建立豁免管理制度以及基金补贴机制等措施,为从根本上解决废旧灯管的回收难问题和探索社会源危险废物的管理提供了对策建议。     

Groundwater Pollution Around an Industrial Area in the Coastal Stretch of Maharashtra State, India

The main objective of this paper is to examine pollution threat, especially to the groundwater resources, around Tarapur industrial area (also called the Tarapur MIDC area) located on the Arabian Sea Coast in Thane District of Maharashtra State, India and suggest remedial measures that may also be relevant to other industrial areas on the Indian Sea Coast. One hundred and thirty one samples were collected from various sources, such as dugwells, borewells, dug-cum-borewells, effluent sumps, drainage channels (effluent channels), creeks and ocean, for chemical analyses. These analyses show that the area in general is characterized by hard water and high salinity hazard, possibly due to its proximity and hydraulic connection with the sea. Although the potability of groundwater is questionable in certain pockets, it is good enough for irrigation purposes at present. Low pH value and high heavy metal contents in the adjoining Muramba creek water is a matter of great concern and may be attributed to the indiscriminate disposal of industrial effluents to the drainage channels connecting the creek. Muramba Creek is well connected with the Arabian Sea, and there are evidences of seawater intrusion around this creek. Because of the fact that Muramba Creek is highly polluted, and is hydraulically connected with the dugwells and borewells surrounding the creek, it cannot be ruled out that the groundwater around this creek is susceptible to contamination. Unless measures are not taken immediately to stop the indiscriminate disposal of the solid wastes and liquid effluents in open ground and drainage channels, and measures are not taken to maintain the appropriate pH values at the effluent treatment facilities before their disposal, the problem would indeed be formidable one day, and it will be too late then for the authorities to take care of the resulting maladies. Few suggestions have been given for controlling and managing the industrial pollution around the Tarapur MIDC area. These suggestions are relevant to other industrial areas situated on the 7,000 km long Indian Sea Coast.     

城市垃圾处理与管理对策研究

对北京、天津、上海、重庆、广州等１７个城市垃圾的调查,结果表明,近１０年,上述城市垃圾总量的增长城市化关系密切,城市垃圾的组分受经济发展,生活水平、消费行为方式的影响,地域差异显著;城市垃圾处理技术欠完善,管理体制不合理,急需通过市场化动作国吧改善。     

Politics of distributive justice in the siting of waste disposal facilities: the case of Tokyo

Distributive justice is a crucial aspect of disputes over locally unwanted land uses. This study examines the rise and fall in influence of a particular idea of distributive justice that originated in the 23 wards of Tokyo in the early 1970s – namely, that each of the wards should be required to dispose of its own waste within the ward. This idea – in-ward waste disposal (IWWD) – was adopted as a significant principle in waste facility siting plans, but its influence rose and fell over time until the idea was finally abandoned in 2003. Critically reviewing ideational approaches in political studies, the causes and mechanisms behind the changes in IWWD’s influence are elucidated. The result shows the importance of considering multiple, different types of variables and examining the interaction between them to explain the prominence of an idea and its change over time.     

火电灰渣场自然恢复下灰渣养分及重金属含量研究

对自然恢复下4类不同年代样地的灰渣养分含量及重金属含量进行研究,通过对比分析发现,有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷含量随着自然恢复时间的增加呈现递增的趋势,全磷含量在各恢复阶段与对照样地之间并不存在显著差异(P0.05)。pH随着恢复时间的增加呈现递减的趋势。对灰渣综合质量指数进行研究发现,自然恢复长期、中期、短期与自然恢复初期对比均有显著提高(P0.05),且随着自然恢复时间的增加灰渣综合质量指数逐渐提高。对灰渣场锌、铅、铜3种重金属研究后发现,在自然恢复下随着时间的增加,灰渣中重金属含量均呈现递减的趋势。     

POPs废物处置技术多目标决策筛选研究

采用层次分析法对国际上较为成熟的9种POPs废物处置技术进行综合评价,筛选出适合我国的POPs废物处置技术. 从经济指标、环境指标和技术指标3个影响因素建立递阶层次结构模型,每个指标又细分为若干个子准则. 根据模型及评价指标体系设计专家咨询表,发放给POPs相关领域的专家打分. 采用matlab对评价结果进行数值分析,得到9种处置技术的总权重,其中分值最高的处置技术有:水泥窑共处置0.174 8,高温焚烧0.172 7;其次是安全填埋0.107 1,热解吸0.107 0,原位玻璃化0.103 0;最后是深井灌注0.086 9,超临界水氧化0.084 1,碱催化脱氯0.082 3,碱金属还原0.082 3.表明高温焚烧和水泥窑共处置是目前我国POPs废物处置技术的较佳之选.      

放射性废物处置库顶盖毛细屏障的研究进展

放射性废物处置库工程屏障的设计对处置库中放射性废物的长期安全具有重要意义.毛细屏障作为处置库顶盖的工程屏障之一,已在国内外得到广泛的应用.阐述了放射性废物处置库顶盖毛细屏障设置的意义,对近年来毛细屏障的一些研究进展进行了分析,提出了一些尚待解决的问题.     

Electroosmotic dewatering of dredged sediments: bench-scale investigation

The Indiana Harbor (Indiana, USA) has not been dredged since 1972 due to lack of a suitable disposal site for dredged sediment. As a result of this, over a million cubic yards of highly contaminated sediment has accumulated in the harbor. Recently, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has selected a site for the confined disposal facility (CDF) and is in the process of designing it. Although dredging can be accomplished rapidly, the disposal in the CDF has to be done slowly to allow adequate time for consolidation to occur. The sediment possesses very high moisture content and very low hydraulic conductivity, which cause consolidation to occur slowly. Consolidation of the sediment is essential in order to achieve adequate shear strength of sediments and also to provide enough air space to accommodate the large amount of sediment that requires disposal. Currently, it has been estimated that if a one 3-foot (0.9-m) thick layer of sediment was disposed of at the CDF annually, it would take approximately 10 years to dispose of all the sediment that is to be dredged from the Indiana Harbor. This study investigated the feasibility of using an electroosmotic dewatering technology to accelerate dewatering and consolidation of sediment, thereby allowing more rapid disposal of sediment into the CDF. Electroosmotic dewatering essentially involves applying a small electric potential across the sediment layer, thereby inducing rapid flow as a result of physico-chemical and electrochemical processes. A series of bench-scale electrokinetic experiments were conducted on actual dredged sediment samples from the Indiana Harbor to investigate dewatering rates caused by gravity alone, dewatering rates caused by gravity and electric potential, and the effects of the addition of polymer flocculants on dewatering of the sediments. The results showed that electroosmotic dewatering under an applied electric potential of 1.0VDC/cm could increase the rate of dewatering and consolidation by an order of magnitude as compared to gravity drainage alone. Amending the sediment with polymers at low concentrations (0.5-1% by dry weight) will enhance this dewatering process; however, the optimal polymer concentration and the cost-effectiveness of using polymers should be investigated further.     

废荧光灯的环境污染对策探讨

废荧光灯管中的有害物质如果处置不当,会对人体健康和环境造成危害。目前国内大部分废荧光灯管未得到无害化处置,主要在指定的法规、有效的政策以及完善的运营机制方面存在很多弊端,应引起社会各界的关注和政府部门的重视。本文结合国内外废荧光灯管回收处置现状,针对存在的问题,提出源头控制、分类收集、多渠道回收、建立资金及资金补贴机制以及技术手段措施,为从根本上解决废旧灯管回收难的问题,并探索社会源危险废物的管理提供对策建议。