危险废物稳定化/固化技术的现状与发展

本文对危险废物稳定化／固化处理技术的历史、现状以及今后的发展方向进行了较为系统的论述，对该技术在处理危险废物时所存在的问题进行了探讨，认为今后药剂稳定化技术在废物处置预处理领域将会占据重要的地位。     

Historical analysis of U.S. onshore hazardous liquid pipeline accidents triggered by natural hazards

Incidents at U.S. onshore hazardous liquid pipeline systems were analyzed with an emphasis on natural hazards. Incidents triggered by natural hazards (natechs) were identified by keyword-based data mining and expert review supplemented by various data sources. The analysis covered about 7000 incidents in 1986–2012, 3800 of which were regarded as significant based on their consequences. 5.5% of all and 6.2% of the significant incidents were found to be natechs that resulted in a total hazardous substance release of 317,700 bbl. Although there is no trend in the long-term yearly occurrence of significant natechs, importance is found to be increasing due to the overall decreasing trend of the incidents. Meteorological hazards triggered 36% of the significant natechs, followed by geological and climatic hazards with 26% and 24%. While they occurred less frequently, hydrological hazards caused the highest amount of release which is about 102,000 bbl. The total economic cost of significant natechs was 597 million USD, corresponding to about 18% of all incident costs in the same period. More than 50% of this cost was due to meteorological hazards, mainly tropical cyclones. Natech vulnerabilities of the system parts vary notably with respect to natural hazard types. For some natural hazards damage is limited possibly due to implemented protection measures. The geographical distribution of the natechs indicated that they occurred more in some states, such as Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. About 50% of the releases was to the ground, followed by water bodies with 28%. Significant consequences to human health were not observed although more than 20% of the incidents resulted in fires. In general, the study indicated that natural hazards are a non-negligible threat to the onshore hazardous liquid pipeline network in the U.S. It also highlighted problems such as underreporting of natural hazards as incident causes, data completeness, and explicit data limitations.     

Reinforcing the rules or integrating behavioural responses into road planning

Road planning is based on technical rules, know-how acquired from experience and professional expertise. A more ergonomics approach to road planning and safety analyses the psychological procedures used by the drivers. Every intervention on road network has an influence on safety. Increasing the coherency of all the interventions in the same area is the only possible way of producing areas with a better level of security. This paper deals with safety procedures, diagnostics and tools which can be used at different levels of intervention.     

浅析化工项目环境影响评价要点

化工项目的环境影响评价应严格执行有关的法律、法规和导则,并结合行业特点执行特定的条例和规范。在其评价过程中应确保工程分析数据的可靠性和措施的可行性,对是否符合清洁生产进行详细阐述,针对事故风险进行评价并提出防范措施,最后对有毒废渣的处理提出要求。     

New public policy proposal for the management of industrial toxic substances in São Paulo State,Brazil

In order to find out an alternative to traditional environmental policies in the State of São Paulo (Brazil), which have been mainly focused on legal standard compliance for air and water emissions, as well as in soil contamination, the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State — CETESB — launched a research project entitled Industrial Toxic Substances Use Reduction Programme. The project was launched in 2006 with funding from the United States Trade and Development Agency. Its aim was to propose new policies and strategies to reduce industrial releases of toxic compounds to the environment. Its general steps were the identification of an initial toxic chemical targets list; a review of successful programmes in the United States; the development of key elements and the establishment of alternative combinations of those elements for the implementation of an indigenous programme. Since project completion, CETESB has been discussing the possibility of implementing the results through a pilot project being developed jointly with industry representatives. This pilot project will serve as a model for a broader industrial toxic substances reduction programme to be implemented in São Paulo State.     

液化危险品储罐泄漏——扩散监测及仿真预警系统

根据国家八五科技攻关专题“易燃易爆重大危险源监控及预警技术研究”技术总结报告提供的素材，通过对危险品储罐的安全状态实时监测、建立泄漏扩散预测模型及其计算机仿真装置，构成监控危险源的预警系统，为预防重大事故、保障安全生产提供技术支撑     

ESTIMATION OF COASTAL WATER CONTAMINATION LONG-TERM TREND USING SEASONAL LINEAR MODELS1

ABSTRACT: Bivalves are used as bioindicators to assess trends of the chemical quality of coastal and marine environments due to their ability to concentrate chemicals. These shellfish are subject to seasonal physiological changes influencing the chemical concentration. Using quarterly data, we model concentration via linear regression with a biologically based seasonal component. This was applied to cadmium concentration measured in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) at three sites in the Seine estuary (Normandy, France). In this case we have a high concentration season from January to June and a “low concentration” season from July to December. This season definition was checked a posteriori, using box-and-whisker plots and a statistical test of comparison of pair-wise adjusted least-squares mean differences, and it appears to be very reasonable. We averaged data by season and across sites. Our final model (R²= 0.846 with N= 27 observations) includes highly significant terms: a season effect, which accounts for 45% of the total variability, a linear and a quadratic time term. Outliers were identified by high Studentized residual values and attributed to bias in the temporal sampling schemes. The methodology developed will further be used with other shellfish and/or other trace elements and organic chemicals.     

我国西南湖塘溪流的水化学组成与离子平衡的研究

本文研究了我国重酸雨地区四川，贵州省湖塘溪流的水化学组成及离子平衡关系，结果表明：城郊之间水化学组成存在差异；同时，进行离子平衡衡算时，须对溶解态钙，镁进行校正，否则，会出现阴离子短缺现象，仅由钙，镁及硫酸根和弱酸根组成的简单离子平衡也是大致符合的，但其应用有一定的局限性。     

辐射化学剂量计在强脉冲混合辐射场测定中的应用

本文讨论了将硫酸亚铁剂量计和铜－铁剂量计用于强脉冲混合辐射场测定的实验设计,利用直径２２０毫米的聚乙烯球,将硫酸亚铁剂量计的快中子响应降低到２０％以下,由它和完全暴露在中子、γ混合场中的硫酸亚铁剂量计响应之差,测量中子吸收剂量。这种方法两次实际用于强脉冲混合辐射场中子、γ吸收剂量测量,得到的结果和热释光剂量计、固体径迹探测器的测量结果进行了比较,在±２５％的误差范围内一致