On the non-monotonic wind influence on flammable gas cloud from CFD simulations for hazardous area classification

Hazardous areas are defined as a result of a variety of variables as storage temperature, pressure, leak orifice size, physical properties of flammable substance, and wind characteristics. The potential formation of an explosive atmosphere must be accurately assessed to ensure process safety. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) arises as an important tool for accurate predictions as recommended by the international standard IEC 60079-10-1 (2015). This study aims to analyze the influence of wind velocity magnitude and direction on the hazardous area classification. The authors evaluated the extent and volume for methane, propane, and hydrogen leakages from a CFD model. For each flammable gas, the wind velocity magnitude and direction were regularly varied. The outcomes show that the behavior of the plume size as the wind varies mainly depends on the gas concentration. Counter-flow wind directions lead to zero relative velocity closer to the release point, which concentrates the gas, and wind in the release direction promotes a higher dilution of the gas cloud increasing the hazardous extent while decreases the volume. As a consequence, the wind also influences the zone type, which was accurately predicted from CFD simulations and significant differences were found when compared to the standard analyses. These differences are, to some extent, related to the consideration of wind velocity effects on the gas jet release.     

Hazard analysis on LPG fireball of road tanker BLEVE based on CFD simulation

In order to research the hydrocarbon fireball characteristic of LPG tanker Boiled Liquid Evaporate Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) under different conditions, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the hydrocarbon fireballs from the LPG tanker BLEVE accidents were carried out. Several new different factors, such as the mass of fuel, inlet velocity and airflow velocity, were considered to analyze the influence on the evolution of the characteristics of the fireball and the development of the LPG tanker BLEVE accidents. Results indicate that the fireball with a greater mass of fuel radiates more heat but slower. The large longitudinal diameter of the fireball and high radiation heat flux are observed in case of a faster inlet velocity used for the same mass. The airflow was found to shorten the initial phase of the fireball effectively. Some suggestions were proposed to prevent the LPG BLEVE accidents. Analysis performed show that various parameters like fireball diameter, radiative heat flux and lifting speed of fireball can be predicted well using FDS code.     

危化品泄漏围堵材料理化性能及燃烧行为研究

针对易燃液体泄漏围堵问题,开发了1种可快速发泡的酚醛泡沫材料,对其表观密度、耐水性、耐酸性、耐碱性、氧指数、燃烧行为及产烟成分进行系统研究。研究结果表明:发泡材料在中性和酸性液体环境中表现出良好的耐受性;在碱性环境中稳定性降低,由于共轭效应,导致分子中的H+遇碱性环境发生中和反应;发泡材料的氧指数和锥形量热测试参数（热释放速率、总热释放量及总生烟量等）表明该材料具有良好的耐火性;发泡原料中的含硫交联剂是其燃烧产烟生成较高浓度SO2的主要原因。     

环境温度对化学防护服气密性能影响研究

为研究不同温度条件对化学防护服（CPC）气密性的影响,以3种不同材质（聚乙烯、丙烯、氯化丁基橡胶）的化学防护服为研究对象,利用气密性测试仪和环境实验舱,在10~66 ℃温度条件下处理2 h后,分析环境温度对3种化学防护服样品气密性能影响。研究结果表明:不同环境工况处理后化学防护服气密性能在10~25 ℃段上升,在25~50 ℃段下降;聚乙烯材质化学防护服失效温度为66 ℃,其他2种材质的服装失效温度为50 ℃。研究可为防护装备环境适应性测试评价提供技术支撑。     

论特种设备事故(突发事件)的应急响应与科学处置

为满足基于大数据的特种设备事故推演和预防技术及平台的研发与应用,本文研究了特种设备事故(突发事件)应急处置现状和存在的问题,归纳总结出特种设备安全共性风险,设计和完善了事故响应、控制、预防等应急处置方案与应急救援体系,并进行了实例验证.同时,本文还对在应急处置平台系统上的部署和应用提出了期望.     

动电修复不同形态重金属污染土壤效果研究

以钢铁厂附近废地的重金属土壤为对象,研究了动电修复技术去除重金属效果与其各化学形态的关系,讨论了电能消耗。结果表明,同一种重金属,其动电去除效率顺序为交换态碳酸盐结合态Fe-Mn氧化结合态有机结合态残留态,即吸附性越弱的形态,其去除率越高,如交换态去除率95%;吸附性越强的形态,其去除率越低,如有机态和残留态去除率低于29%;对于不同重金属,高移动性和弱吸附性的重金属较弱移动性和强吸附性的重金属去除效果好,即各形态的Cd、Cu和Zn的去除率明显高于相应形态Pb的去除率;能耗分析表明,实验时间超过96 h后,在电能有较大消耗的同时,重金属去除率却提高不明显。     

Chemical plant innovative safety investments decision-support methodology

Introduction

This article examines the extent to which investing in safety during the creation of a new chemical installation proves profitable.

Method

The authors propose a management supporting cost-benefit model that identifies and evaluates investments in safety within a chemical company. This innovative model differentiates between serious accidents and less serious accidents, thus providing an authentic image of prevention-related costs and benefits. In classic cost-benefit analyses, which do not make such differentiations, only a rudimentary image of potential profitability resulting from investments in safety is obtained.

Results

The resulting management conclusions that can be drawn from such classical analyses are of a very limited nature. The proposed model, however, is applied to a real case study and the proposed investments in safety at an appointed chemical installation are weighed against the estimated hypothetical benefits resulting from the preventive measures to be installed at the installation.

Conclusion

In the case-study carried out in question, it would appear that the proposed prevention investments are justified.

Impact on industry

Such an economic exercise may be very important to chemical corporations trying to (further) improve their safety investments.     

化工储罐区空袭次生灾害危险性评价研究

根据化工储罐区及其遭空袭次生灾害的特点,以空袭次生灾害的影响范围作为危险性评价的标准,对化工储罐区的空袭次生灾害进行危险性评价。指出储罐遭空袭后的3种毁伤方式;给出储罐遭空袭发生的次生灾害及其扩散的形式与后果;阐述了化工储罐区空袭次生灾害的成灾机理;分别提出热辐射伤害、冲击波伤害和有毒有害物质扩散的危险性评价方法。以池火灾为例,建立了池火灾的危险性评价模型;论述了池火灾危险性评价的具体流程,并进行了案例分析,根据计算结果提出了相应的减灾对策。笔者认为,化工储罐区遭空袭后的次生灾害的危险性评价具有现实意义,对于化工园区、石化厂、危化品仓库等突发安全事故产生次生灾害的危险性评价同样具有重要的参考价值。     

高校事故非线性灰色预测模型及应用研究

通过调查和分析表明,近几年来湖南省高校事故中学生非正常死亡由自杀、交通、溺水等7项因素组成,且统计数据信息偏少。笔者将影响湖南省高校事故学生非正常死亡人数的各项因素作为一个系统,应用系统灰预测理论建立高校事故系统灰预测模型;将原始建模数据序列经过方根变换和数值初始化处理后,适合于建模的要求,构造GM(1,N)与GM(1,1)的嵌套模型;通过建模事中和事后的检验,预测湖南省2007年高校事故学生非正常死亡人数,预测值与实际值相差较小,模型精度较高;高校事故非线性灰色预测模型,为高校事故预测提供了一种应用方法并有一定的指导意义。     

化工园区应急管理模式研究

在化工园区特点和危险性分析的基础上,建立"风险防控、应急队伍、应急平台、应急组织、应急预案、运行机制"的化工园区应急管理模式;探讨加强化工园区应急管理的对策措施;提出以重大危险源普查与监控、区域风险评价和安全规划为重点,构建风险防控与管理体系;增强包括公安消防特勤队、特种工程抢险队、医疗救护队在内的化工园区应急救援队伍的处置能力;依托园区现行管理体制完善应急组织体制及其运行机制;完善化工园区应急预案体系等。