我国突发环境事件应急法制法律原则的探析

法律原则对法律制度的建立、发展和完善起着尤为重要的指导作用。我国突发环境事件应急法制还处于起步阶段,相关法律研究也存在欠缺和不深入的问题。本文在比较几种相关概念的法律原则的基础上,总结环境应急法制法律原则的特征,试提出我国环境应急法制所要遵循的几条法律原则。     

氯离子对COD测定的影响及消除方法

为保证测定污水中COD数据的准确性,分析了不同浓度氯离子对污水中COD测定的影响,并对不同浓度氯离子的消除方法进行了实验和探讨。实验结果表明:当氯离子的质量浓度小于2000mg/L时,用国标法简单准确,当氯离子的质量浓度大于2000mg/L小于20000mg/L时,用氯气校正法更为合适。     

Quantification of potassium permanganate consumption and PCE oxidation in subsurface materials

A series of laboratory scale batch slurry experiments were conducted in order to establish a data set for oxidant demand by sandy and clayey subsurface materials as well as to identify the reaction kinetic rates of permanganate (MnO(4)(-)) consumption and PCE oxidation as a function of the MnO(4)(-) concentration. The laboratory experiments were carried out with 31 sandy and clayey subsurface sediments from 12 Danish sites. The results show that the consumption of MnO(4)(-) by reaction with the sediment, termed the natural oxidant demand (NOD), is the primary reaction with regards to quantification of MnO(4)(-) consumption. Dissolved PCE in concentrations up to 100 mg/l in the sediments investigated is not a significant factor in the total MnO(4)(-) consumption. Consumption of MnO(4)(-) increases with an increasing initial MnO(4)(-) concentration. The sediment type is also important as NOD is (generally) higher in clayey than in sandy sediments for a given MnO(4)(-) concentration. For the different sediment types the typical NOD values are 0.5-2 g MnO(4)(-)/kg dry weight (dw) for glacial meltwater sand, 1-8 g MnO(4)(-)/kg dw for sandy till and 5-20 g MnO(4)(-)/kg dw for clayey till. The long term consumption of MnO(4)(-) and oxidation of PCE can not be described with a single rate constant, as the total MnO(4)(-) reduction is comprised of several different reactions with individual rates. During the initial hours of reaction, first order kinetics can be applied, where the short term first order rate constants for consumption of MnO(4)(-) and oxidation of PCE are 0.05-0.5 h(-1) and 0.5-4.5 h(-1), respectively. The sediment does not act as an instantaneous sink for MnO(4)(-). The consumption of MnO(4)(-) by reaction with the reactive species in the sediment is the result of several parallel reactions, during which the reaction between the contaminant and MnO(4)(-) also takes place. Hence, application of low MnO(4)(-) concentrations can cause partly oxidation of PCE, as the oxidant demand of the sediment does not need to be met fully before PCE is oxidised.     

次氯酸钠药剂在不同水厂的应用

次氯酸钠药剂在水务行业应用广泛,常被用作消毒剂,对于保障水质具有重要的作用。介绍了近6年来次氯酸钠消毒剂在水务行业的应用情况,以期为不同性质水厂的运行提供参考。     

不同植被恢复模式下土壤微生物及酶活性的比较--以嘉陵江上游地区为例

研究了嘉陵江上游退耕还林区内5种植被恢复模式下土壤微生物、土壤酶活性以及理化性质。结果表明：①5种植被恢复模式土壤微生物数量、酶活性以及有机质、全氮含量等均明显高于无植被对照;②不同植被恢复模式土壤微生物总数：火烧迹地灌丛﹥刺槐林﹥湿地松×刺槐混交林﹥青冈林﹥湿地松﹥对照地;③不同植被恢复模式下土壤酶活性不同,表层土壤脲酶活性：火烧迹地灌丛﹥青冈林﹥刺槐林﹥湿地松﹥混交林﹥对照地,蔗糖酶（转化酶）：火烧迹地灌丛﹥湿地松﹥青冈林﹥刺槐林﹥混交林﹥对照地,过氧化氢酶活性各林分间变化不明显。     

Persistence of airline accidents

This paper expands on air travel accident research by examining the relationship between air travel accidents and airline traffic or volume in the period from 1927–2006. The theoretical model is based on a representative airline company that aims to maximise its profits, and it utilises a fractional integration approach in order to determine whether there is a persistent pattern over time with respect to air accidents and air traffic. Furthermore, the paper analyses how airline accidents are related to traffic using a fractional cointegration approach. It finds that airline accidents are persistent and that a (non‐stationary) fractional cointegration relationship exists between total airline accidents and airline passengers, airline miles and airline revenues, with shocks that affect the long‐run equilibrium disappearing in the very long term. Moreover, this relation is negative, which might be due to the fact that air travel is becoming safer and there is greater competition in the airline industry. Policy implications are derived for countering accident events, based on competition and regulation.     

化学防护服的分类及选用

本文较为系统地介绍了化学防护服的分类方法、典型化学防护服的特点和适用场合及化学防护服选择应考虑的主要因素和一般程序,对化学防护服的选用具有一定的指导意义。     

突变级数在化工储存危险程度的应用研究

化工储存单元是企业的重要危险源之一,分析企业存在的各种危险因素,建立安全生产保障体系,利用蝴蝶型突变理论建立突变级数数学模型。突变级数能对企业安全状况进行分级,安全生产状况改进参数能表征可进行整改的程度。     

化工企业地震次生泄漏事故应急及无害化处理

通过对汶川地震后四川重灾区（成都、德阳、绵阳等地）化工企业的实际调研,积累了一些工程实例,并在此基础上重点介绍了震后化工企业次生泄漏情况及企业所采取的应急及无害化处理措施,针对这些实际情况分析了企业在应急及无害化处理过程中的成功与不足之处,提出了地震次生泄漏控制不足的原因,并针对存在的问题提出了一些泄漏扩散的控制及无害化处理技术,为减少地震化工企业次生灾害所造成的人员伤亡、财产损失及环境污染有重大意义。     

unipol气相法聚乙烯聚合过程的危险分析与控制

在聚乙烯工业生产中,聚合过程本身存在着一些固有危险因素,如反应过程中热量的移出、聚合原料以及聚合助剂的燃爆危险等,一直都是从事安全工作人员关注的重点。很多相关的技术研发公司均采取的不同的手段,加以应对。其中,美国UCC公司的un ipol气相法聚乙烯工艺,针对这些危险因素采取了一定的控制措施,较好的解决了这些问题。例如,为了解决反应聚合反应热量的问题,采用循环气大量循环,在流化床反应器外消除反应热,同时,在循环气内加诱导冷凝剂的方法吸收聚合反应放出的热量。就此,本文从化工过程安全的角度,对un ipol气相法聚乙烯工艺中,聚合过程存在的固有危险因素产生的原因及其可能导致的结果和在工艺中针对这些问题采取的控制措施及其工作原理加以分析。