胜利油田利用生化法处理含油泥砂研究

胜利油田含油泥砂中含油量较高,直接进行生物降解处理的难度较大,操作周期长,费用高。先采用化学方法处理再进行生物处理,这样既可实现原油的资源化,又可降低费用,提高处理速度及处理效果。实验结果表明:化学处理方法能够将含油泥沙的含油量由51.1%降低至3.1%,原油回收率达到94%以上;再经过48h的生物处理,其含油量降到0.18%,达到了国家规定的无害化排放标准(<0.3%)。     

时变条件下的有害物品运输的人口风险分析

随着工业的发展 ,有害物品运输量在逐年增加 ,有害物品对于人类威胁也在加大 ,有害物品运输的风险问题受到了广泛的关注。由于有害物品运输中 ,路径周围的人口密度随着时间的变化而变化 ,进而影响在运输过程中的人口风险。笔者在有时变情况下 ,对有害物品运输人口风险进行了分析 ;建立了估计人口风险的模型 ;获得了有害物品运输中的最小人口风险以及最佳出发时间 ;进一步完善了有害物品的运输的风险分析 ;为如何减少有害物品运输的人口风险提供了依据。     

Disability among adults injured in motor-vehicle crashes in the United States

INTRODUCTION: Little population-based information exists about the long-term effects of motor-vehicle crash-related injuries. METHOD: We analyzed data from the 1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability (NHIS-D) Supplement to estimate the prevalence of crash-related disability among noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged 18 years and older. RESULTS: More than 1.2 million adults were living in their homes with the disabling effects of motor-vehicle crash-related injuries in 1995. The prevalence of crash-related disability was highest for persons in their mid-life years, ages 35-64. Half of the respondents had sustained the injuries more than 5 years before the interview. Forty-one percent of working-aged individuals reported being unable to work because of their disability. CONCLUSIONS: Because crash-related disability is most prevalent during the mid-life years, quality of life and productivity may be affected for decades. These findings highlight the personal and societal burden associated with motor-vehicle crash-related disability in the United States.     

广东鹤山酸雨地区针叶林与阔叶林降水化学特征

研究并比较了广东酸雨地区鹤山丘陵综合实验站区内不同类型森林降水的化学特征.结果表明,和大气降水相比,针阔叶林林内降水除NO3外其它离子含量都明显增加,马尾松针叶林冠层穿透雨和树干径流中离子含量增加倍数最高分别为34倍和12倍,阔叶林穿透雨和树干径流中离子含量增加倍数最高分别为8倍和10倍,针叶林降水比阔叶林降水离子富集程度较为显著．林内降水中马尾松针叶林树干径流离子总含量小于穿透雨离子总含量,阔叶林穿透雨离子总含量小于树干径流离子总含量.不同阔叶林型林内降水中离子含量是不同的.针叶林林内降水有进一步酸化趋势.林内降水离子富集导致森林冠层正负电荷数不平衡,营养离子大量淋失,使林冠层养分亏损．     

Soil phytoremediation from the breakdown products of the chemical warfare agent, yperite

A plant-based bioremediation (phytoremediation) strategy has been developed and shown to be effective for the clean-up of soil contaminated by the breakdown products of the chemical warfare agent (CWA), yperite. The method involves exploiting the plant growth hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), to intensify the phytoremediation. For determination of the yperite breakdown products, gas chromatography is used. Soil and plant samples were analysed with a gas chromatograph fitted with an atomic emission detector. The method of standard-free determination was employed to identify sulphur-containing substances (SCSs). A series of soil tests was conducted, which showed that the level of SCSs decreased 4, 8, and more than 20-fold compared with that found in contaminated soil. This decrease was dependent upon the IAA concentrations used for plant treatment. The treated plants accumulated 2.7 to 2.9-fold larger amounts of the SCSs than did the untreated plants. Owing to its simplicity, environmental safety and inexpensiveness, the method can be recommended for the restoration of soil fertility in areas of storage and destruction of blister CWAs.     

不锈钢板卷生产过程中的危险因素及对策

根据国内的不锈钢板卷生产工艺状况 ,分析并指出了生产过程中可能出现的危险和有害因素 ,同时对生产性粉尘、噪声和高温进行了劳动条件分级 ,从而提出了相应的对策。     

The current situation of solid waste generation and its environmental contamination in China

In China, controlling environmental pollution resulting from solid waste (SW) and hazardous waste (HW) has become one of the most pressing tasks in the field of environmental engineering. It is reported that the annual generation of industrial solid waste (ISW) in China exceeded 0.6 billion tons in the 1990s, and is increasing every year. Although ISW management has been strengthened in recent years, about 40% of SW is put in uncontrolled landfill without appropriate treatment. According to statistics from the national Environmental Protection Agency, the cumulative ISW uncontrolled landfill in China had reached 6.6 billion tons by the end of 1995, occupying around 55 000 hectares of land. Although some major uncontrolled landfills were constructed, nonetheless groundwater contamination resulted from the use of low-standard liners and poor management. Furthermore, about 20 million tons of ISW was discharged into the environment illegally, and a third of this waste was discharged directly into water bodies, making ISW one of the greatest pollution sources for surface water and ground water. Environmental pollution accidents resulting from SW occur about 100 times a year in China, and environmental issues frequently arise because of ISW pollution. The practices of SW management, treatment, and disposal started relatively late in China, and for a long time the management of SW pollution has received little attention compared with water and air pollution management. China faces problems such as the insufficiency of management laws and regulations, insufficient investment, inadequate treatment and disposal technology, and a lack of qualified technicians. At present, most treatment and disposal technology cannot meet the requests for solid waste pollution control. In order to protect, restore, and improve environmental quality in China and to realize sustainable development, the safe management and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes is a pressing challenge. In recent years, much attention has been paid to SW management in China, and investment to develop management and treatment technologies has increased. In 1995, the Law for Solid Waste Pollution Protection was issued, and work on solid waste treatment and disposal began to be legally managed. SW treatment and disposal facilities have been constructed, and now operate in some large and medium-sized cities. In particular, rapid improvements have been seen in ISW recycling, collection, and disposal of municipal solid waste and regional HW management. All the figures in this paper are from 1995, and represent the situation in China in that year. Received: April 18, 2000 / Accepted: May 15, 2000     

论葛属植物的开发及综合利用前景

综述了国内外葛根开发利用的现状和动向,介绍了葛属植物化学成份的研究进展及其含量测定方法,以及葛根产品在医药、食品等行业中的应用及市场前景。     

中原油田污水处理新技术

中原油田污水处理所用处理剂导致高成本、高污泥量,研制利用新药剂替代原用药剂。实验结果表明：新药剂成本低,产生的污泥量少,水质稳定性强,处理后的水完全达到回注水的水质要求。     

达里诺尔湖化学特征与发展态势

通过对国家级自然保护区核心区达里诺尔湖水环境四年的研究,结果表明:有着典型代表的达里诺尔北方湖泊尔环境以含盐量高、碱度大为主要化学特征,而且随着生态环境的破坏、湖水蒸发量的逐年增加,湖泊水质有明显恶化趋势。