五氯酚标准样品的研制

五氯酚是美国ＥＰＡ公布的１２９种重点污染物名单以及我国环境优先监测污染物黑名单中的重点污染物,也是环境监测和环境科研工作中的主要对象。本文介绍了这种污染物毒理特性和液体介质标准样品的分析、研究、制备方法。     

改进高氯酸消化HG/AAS测定煤和环境及生物样品中砷和硒

由于硫酸往往含有微量硒杂质,本文改用硫酸钠作扶助剂提高高氯酸（硝酸）常压湿消化的允许消化温度,实现煤和环境及生物样品中有机砷和有机硒的全消化。建立了一个容易操作、重现性好的消化程序。用液氮低温捕集技术提高分析灵敏度。硝酸分解残留物对砷化氢和硒化氢生成过程的干扰,以及盐酸中微量氧化物对Ｓｅ（Ⅵ）还原处理的影响均用盐酸羟氨消除。ＥＤＴＡ可用于消除过渡金属离子对硒化氢生物过程的干扰。测定了多种标准参考物中微量砷和硒,得到与检定值相符合的结果。     

环境标准样品在实验室质量控制应用中应注意的问题

通过对实验分析质量保证工作中存在的实际问题进行了论述;从仪器条件、实验样品前处理以及分析测定方法的选择等方面对环境标准样品的使用,及其对实验分析质量控制的影响进行了分析,并提出了相应的合理化建议。     

Natural radionuclides distribution and environmental impacts of ferruginous sand-siltstone (raw material) and their manufactured Ahmer oxide used as wall paints

Commercially known Ahmer oxide paints are prepared from raw material mainly composed of red iron oxides (hematite) and iron oxyhydroxides. The raw material used in manufacturing of Ahmer oxide comes from some localities in southwest Sinai such as Abu Thor, Allouga, and El lehian. The adsorption of uranium and other radioelements on iron oxides could make the raw material (red iron oxides) and their products environmentally hazardous. The studied samples were subjected to radiometric analysis using NaI (Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer. The average activity concentration of U, Th, Ra, and K are 108.7, 458.8, 88.8, and 627.5?Bq?kg^?1, respectively in raw material and 136.4, 14.6, 58.3, and 95.9?Bq?kg^?1 in Ahmer oxide. High values of activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K were recorded in Allouga and El lehian raw material. High radioactivities of Allouga and El lehian raw material are mainly attributed to the presence of torbernite, zircon, and monazite, in addition to adsorbed elemental uranium in Ahmer oxide. absorbed dose rate (D), annual effective dose equivalent, radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq), external hazard index (H_ex), and internal hazard index (H_in), as well as representative gamma index (Iγ) were determined from the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K. Some of the studied samples do not satisfy the universal standards.     

浓密尾矿管道输送的研究现状及展望

为掌握浓密尾矿管道输送中的流动规律及阻力特性,对国内外现有研究成果进行了综述,以尾矿颗粒的粒径尺寸和分布特征为切入点,分析了颗粒-颗粒、颗粒-流体间的相互作用,提出将浓密尾矿管道输送划分为均质结构流和复合流动两种模式,分别对不同模式下浆体流变性质、颗粒运移行为、流动型态及阻力特性方面的研究成果和最新进展进行了评述。结果表明:均匀细颗粒(d dc)浓密尾矿可视为由细颗粒介质与离散粗颗粒组成的复合流体,粗颗粒具有"剪切沉降"效应,介质屈服应力较小(τy<5τyc)时,浆体在管道内分层流动,管流阻力可通过两层流模型进行分析。     

Disaster impact assessment of the underground hazardous materials pipeline

In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and other countries with advanced pipeline management, some organizations are responsible for pipeline safety protection management for underground hazardous materials. The security and maintenance of a hazardous material pipeline are serious considerations for urban safety, because the materials transported by underground pipelines contain hazardous goods, such as the flammable or explosive particles of solids, liquids, and gases. Damage to a pipeline by external forces often leads to secondary disasters, such as the leakage of hazardous materials, fires, explosions, and environmental pollution. Such events seriously affect the safety of individuals and their property.Accordingly, this study used seismic scenario analysis with a spatial grid to evaluate earthquake damage to an underground pipeline in an urban area. Damage to underground pipelines was classified, pipeline disaster management procedures were discussed, and improvement measures were proposed, such as establishing a geographic information platform and conducting disaster impact assessments for hazardous material pipelines. Underground hazardous material pipelines were assessed in scenarios including earthquakes. Such assessments are intended to provide disaster reduction plans and disaster prevention drills to improve pipeline safety as well as the planning for pipeline materials to aid seismic resistance.     

Study of the severity of industrial accidents with hazardous substances by historical analysis

This paper studies the levels of risk in industrial facilities where hazardous substances are used, evaluating the influence of certain variables on the severity of the accidents that have occurred until now. It makes use of the incidents recorded in the July 2001 version of the MHIDAS database. This study reveals that accidents in developed countries are less severe than those that occur in other geographical areas. Also, it establishes the influence on the severity (number of fatalities) of this kind of incident of certain factors: the type of incident and the type and amount of substance involved. Lastly, the extent to which current facilities comply to the risk tolerance criteria in various countries is evaluated with regards to incidents involving explosions.     

Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemical Substances While Processing Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins

Air pollutants emitted while processing phenol-formaldehyde resins have been investigated. Gas chromatography-mass-selective detection was used to separate and identify chemical compounds. It was determined that workers were exposed to formaldehyde in all workplaces. Besides, phenol, acetaldehyde, acrylaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, xylene, ethylbenzene, toluene, tetrachlorethene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate were found during the production of frictional materials; and 2-furaldehyde, phenol, naphthalene, 2-furan-methanol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the production of abrasive materials. Quantitative analyses were performed with gas chromatogra-phy and high performance liquid chromatography. Assessment of occupational exposure indicated that chemical compounds emitted during the investigated processes might be dangerous for human health, mainly because of suspected carcinogenic compounds: formaldehyde and PAHs.     

A Whole Body Postural Loading Simulation and Assessment Model for Workplace Analysis and Design

Abstract

This study reports on the development and validation of a new computer model for simulating human postures at work, and assessing the reaction forces and bending moments in 43 human articulation joints. The proposed model estimates the intradiscal pressure in the vertebral column in response to external loading forces encountered during human interactions with work objects or processes. The model was implemented in a self-contained interactive software package. The simulation results compare favorably with the reported experimental data, and provide reasonable confidence in the quality of the model. Its characteristics and its applications in evaluating physical task performance are also discussed     

可用作原料的固体废物进口可行性评价指标体系探索研究

合理利用境外的可用作原料的固体废物,可以弥补我国国内资源的相对不足,但固体废物固有的废物属性仍不可避免地会带来一定的环境负面影响。建立可用作原料的固体废物进口可行性评价体系,对于在合理利用境外废物资源的同时,保护和改善环境具有重要意义。本文论述了我国建立可用作原料的固体废物进口可行性评价体系的理论和原则,并根据影响可用作原料的固体废物进口可行性评价的因素分析,构建了可用作原料的固体废物进口可行性评价指标体系框架。