生活垃圾分类收集引发的全民教育中的环境教育思考

在介绍国内外环境教育发展概况的基础上,探讨我国将垃圾分类收集融入环境教育的必要性与可行性。基于垃圾分类收集的特点和难点,提出应结合生活垃圾分类收集工作,将多层次的学校环境教育和全方位的社会环境教育融合实施的措施。     

Estimating risk at a Superfund site using passive sampling devices as biological surrogates in human health risk models

Passive sampling devices (PSDs) sequester the freely dissolved fraction of lipophilic contaminants, mimicking passive chemical uptake and accumulation by biomembranes and lipid tissues. Public Health Assessments that inform the public about health risks from exposure to contaminants through consumption of resident fish are generally based on tissue data, which can be difficult to obtain and requires destructive sampling. The purpose of this study is to apply PSD data in a Public Health Assessment to demonstrate that PSDs can be used as a biological surrogate to evaluate potential human health risks and elucidate spatio-temporal variations in risk. PSDs were used to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Willamette River; upriver, downriver and within the Portland Harbor Superfund megasite for 3 years during wet and dry seasons. Based on an existing Public Health Assessment for this area, concentrations of PAHs in PSDs were substituted for fish tissue concentrations. PSD measured PAH concentrations captured the magnitude, range and variability of PAH concentrations reported for fish/shellfish from Portland Harbor. Using PSD results in place of fish data revealed an unacceptable risk level for cancer in all seasons but no unacceptable risk for non-cancer endpoints. Estimated cancer risk varied by several orders of magnitude based on season and location. Sites near coal tar contamination demonstrated the highest risk, particularly during the dry season and remediation activities. Incorporating PSD data into Public Health Assessments provides specific spatial and temporal contaminant exposure information that can assist public health professionals in evaluating human health risks.     

论知识经济与成人教育

本文阐述了知识经济的内涵与特点,提出了知识经济对人才的要求及对成人教育的影响和对策.     

家具制造企业密集区空气中VOCs污染状况及健康风险评价

采用Tenax管吸附-热脱附-气相色谱法测定家具制造企业密集区空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs),并应用美国国家环保局(USEPA)的健康风险评价模型评估其对周边人群的影响。结果表明,家具制造企业密集区总VOCs的质量浓度为0.931 mg/m3,11种目标物中乙酸乙酯、丙酮和乙酸丁酯所占比例较高,分别占总VOCs的20.2%、10.7%和9.1%。该区总VOCs的累积非致癌风险指数为3.47×10-7,低于1,不会对人体产生明显的非致癌健康危害;其累积致癌风险指数为2.49×10-5,是可接受致癌风险值(1.0×10-6)的25倍,可能对人群存在致癌影响。     

垃圾填埋场地下水污染对居民健康的风险评价

调查了某垃圾填埋场地下水和周边居民饮用水中的As、Hg等重金属和挥发酚等有机物的污染状况,运用美国环保局的健康风险计算模型,评估了该垃圾填埋场地下水对周边居民的潜在健康风险。结果表明,各类人群对4种有阈化合物的饮食和皮肤暴露的终身健康危险度在8．2×10^-11～1．3×10^-10之间,均低于可以接受的风险水平10^-6;对As的终身超额健康危险度在3．1×10^-7～4．9×10^-7之间,表明地下水中砷污染对居民潜在的致癌风险不明显。各类人群通过皮肤对Hg、As、Cd和挥发酚的暴露剂量比通过饮水暴露的剂量高0．7倍～14．5倍,皮肤暴露将是地下水影响人体健康并构成潜在风险的重要途径。     

乌鲁木齐地表水饮用水源地水体有机氯农药健康风险评价

为了解乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,从一号冰川、英雄桥、乌拉泊水库的9个采样点采集水样,采用液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱法对其中的有机氯农药残留状况进行了测定,水样中9种有机氯化合物的总质量浓度为15.1 ng/L～41.2 ng/L。应用美国国家环保局(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法,对乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中有机氯农药通过食用途径进入人体的危害进行了风险计算和初步评价。结果表明,各监测断面的致癌风险和非致癌风险低于ICRP和USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平,初步认为目前乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中有机氯农药不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

Health impact assessment of Roma housing policies in Central and Eastern Europe: A comparative analysis

Marginalised Roma communities in European countries live in substandard housing conditions the improvement of which has been one of the major issues of the Decade of Roma Inclusion, the ongoing intergovernmental European Roma programme. The paper presents EU-funded health impact assessments of national Roma housing policies and programmes in 3 Central and Eastern European countries in light of the evaluation of a completed local project in a fourth CEE country so as to compare predicted effects to observed ones. Housing was predicted to have beneficial health effects by improving indoor and outdoor conditions, access to services, and socioeconomic conditions. Negative impacts were predicted only in terms of maintenance expenses and housing tenure. However, observed impacts of the completed local project did not fully support predictions especially in terms of social networks, satisfaction with housing and neighbourhood, and inhabitant safety. In order to improve the predictive value of HIA, more evidence should be produced by the careful evaluation of locally implemented housing projects. In addition, current evidence is in favour of planning Roma housing projects at the local rather than at the national level in alignment with the principle of subsidiarity.     

Learning about Environments: The Significance of Primal Landscapes

The way we learn about our environments—be they farms, forests, or tribal lands—has implications for the formulation of environmental policy. This article presents the findings of how residents learned about their environments in two rural case studies conducted in northern Queensland and relates these to the concept of “primal landscapes,” which is concerned with the interaction that occurs between children and the environments in which they mature. Rather than focusing specifically on built environments or natural environments, the article draws on an approach that conceptualizes environment as meaning-laden places in which we live and work, which integrate social, cultural, biological, physical, and economic dimensions. In drawing insights for environmental policy, the article draws attention to the timing of policy interventions, the significance of experiential environmental education, the potential to learn from place-based festivals, and the importance of learning from extreme events such as fires and floods.     

Environmental and public health co-benefits of consumer switches to immunity-supporting food

During COVID-19, there has been a surge in public interest for information on immunity-boosting foods. There is little scientific support for immunity-supporting properties of specific foods, but strong evidence for food choice impacts on other health outcomes (e.g. risk of non-communicable disease) and environmental sustainability. Here, we relate online recommendations for “immunity-boosting” foods across five continents to their environmental and human health impacts. More frequently recommended food items and groups are plant based and have lower land use and greenhouse gas emission impacts plus more positive health outcomes (reducing relative risks of mortality or chronic diet-related diseases) per serving of food. We identify trade-offs between environmental outcomes of increasing consumption of recommended food items, with aquatic environment impacts increasing with food recommendation frequency. People’s reliance on the Internet for health information creates an opportunity to consolidate behaviour change towards consuming foods with multiple co-benefits. Our study identifies win–win options for nudging online information-seeking behaviour towards more sustainable choices for terrestrial biodiversity conservation and human health.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01693-w.     

安全道德素质:缺失与建设

分析了安全道德素质缺失的含义,指出缺失的3个主要原因:对人的生命关怀的伦理意识淡漠;缺少尊重生命健康价值的安全道德责任感;行为者无视法律和道德规范等安全行为准则;指明了安全道德素质必须具备的3个定性特征或关键"三要素":尊重生命的道德意识成为安全观念的基本成分,形成尊重生命的安全道德行为,自觉遵守安全道德规范或安全主体自律;阐明了安全道德素质是安全发展不可缺少的因素,以及企业负责人与安全管理者的安全道德素质对解决中国安全问题有着特殊的意义;提出关于建设安全道德素质的基础性、自觉性和制度性有机统一的理论框架,以适应我国社会"安全发展"的急迫性。