Protection of Mammal Diversity in Central America

Abstract:  Central America is exceptionally rich in biodiversity, but varies widely in the attention its countries devote to conservation. Protected areas, widely considered the cornerstone of conservation, were not always created with the intent of conserving that biodiversity. We assessed how well the protected-area system of Central America includes the region's mammal diversity. This first required a refinement of existing range maps to reduce their extensive errors of commission (i.e., predicted presences in places where species do not occur). For this refinement, we used the ecological limits of each species to identify and remove unsuitable areas from the range. We then compared these maps with the locations of protected areas to measure the habitat protected for each of the region's 250 endemic mammals. The species most vulnerable to extinction—those with small ranges—were largely outside protected areas. Nevertheless, the most strictly protected areas tended toward areas with many small-ranged species. To improve the protection coverage of mammal diversity in the region, we identified a set of priority sites that would best complement the existing protected areas. Protecting these new sites would require a relatively small increase in the total area protected, but could greatly enhance mammal conservation.     

烟气羽流时空混沌行为的耦合映象格子模型研究

为研究烟气羽流的时空混沌行为,本文从烟气羽流的N-S动量方程出发,根据浮力羽流的半经验公式,对方程中相应的项进行替代、化简,然后无量纲化,得到了以烟气羽流的动量通量m为系统状态矢量的单向耦合映象格子模型.计算了不同参数变化时,耦合周期窗口的时空行为发展,并且进行了李雅普诺夫指数λ计算.分析表明,开放系统中的烟气羽流会出现形态的多重性,包括时空混沌行为.这是由于烟气羽流系统内各种非线性作用的相互影响,也就是方程粘性项、浮力项和惯性项作用强弱对比的变化,以及系统行为发展的不可逆性所导致.     

高温热表面油液蒸发的时变性热质传递模型与实验研究

针对高温热表面油液蒸发热质传递过程的时变性,考虑这一过程中的对流传质传热,建立了热环境作用下油液蒸发的热质传递模型方程,通过无量纲变换,求得空间浓度分布和温度场随时间的变化规律。以庚烷为试验对象,对高温热表面油液蒸发过程进行了实验研究。理论分析与实验表明:庚烷蒸发过程中,刘易斯数大于1,传热速率大于传质速率;蒸发导致的质量损失与时间平方根的成正比,与液面的面积成正比,且与质量扩散系数的平方根成正比,饱和蒸气浓度越大,蒸发速率也越大。油液蒸发计算结果与试验结果基本一致,表明了模型的有效性。     

An experimental study on the burning rate of a continuously released n-heptane spill fire on an open water surface

Spill fires are common during oil product storage and transportation after a loss of containment. Since the burning fuel is moving and the fuel depth is quite shallow, the burning rate in a spill fire is different from that of a pool fire with a static burning zone. Unlike pool fires, which have been studied for decades and have well-established correlations for burning rate, research on spill fires is inadequate. In this paper, continuously released n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted on open water surfaces with varying fuel discharge rates. The pool diameters were measured, and the spill fire burning rates were estimated based on a dynamic balance between fuel supply and combustion. The burning rates in n-heptane pool fires from the literature were reviewed and compared with the estimated burning rates in spill fires of the same dimension. The spill fire burning rate was found to be close to that in a pool fire during the initial burning phase but lower than that in a bulk burning pool fire and that in a “fuel-level-controlled” pool fire. The distinction between the burning rates of spill fires and pool fires is explained by the heat balance analysis of the fuel layer. A model for the spill fire burning rate was proposed accordingly. The results calculated with the presented model are closer to the measured data than those calculated with pool fire models.     

Quantifying inconsistencies in old cadastral maps and their impact on land-use reconstructions

ABSTRACT

Old cadastral maps represent a historical reference dataset for long-term land-use reconstructions. This study presents identification of inconsistencies in the nineteenth century Franziscean cadastre, one of the largest sets of old cadastral maps worldwide, by comparing three versions of the maps and written documents created in the same period. We identified all parcels and their land-use in the four sub-sources in six study areas. The overall share of inconsistencies among 5 771 identified parcels is 7.4%, with the biggest share of inconsistency in agroforestry and forestry classes. The most frequent inconsistencies are of ‘Not differentiable land use’ (n = 212) and ‘Different land-use’ categories across the sub-sources (n = 113). We conclude that the frequency of uncertainties in old cadastral maps may limit the validity of historical land-use reconstructions, affecting the eventual restoration and management efforts based on such data. We provide a summary for the use of Franziscean cadastre.     

Coupling effects of the explosion shock wave and heat radiation on the dynamic response of a fixed-roof tank

The occurrence of leakage in large tank farms or oil deposits can lead to fire or explosion accidents. Coupling effects of fire and explosion loadings can cause considerably more damage to adjacent tanks or buildings than either loading individually does. In this study, the combined loadings of the explosion shock wave and heat radiation from a pool fire on a neighboring empty fixed-roof tank were numerically investigated. The effects of the explosion shock wave intensity and relative height of the explosion center [the ratio of the height of the explosion center to the height of the tank (h_r)] were analyzed. The results indicate that tanks damaged by explosion shock waves have decreased fire resistance and critical buckling temperature. Moreover, the thermal buckling deformation of the predamaged tank largely depends on the explosion shock wave. With an increase in the explosion shock wave intensity or a decrease in h_r, the explosion shock wave has greater influence on the fire resistance of the tank, and the critical buckling temperature decreases. This paper can provide an understanding of the dynamics of a tank under explosion shock wave loading, and of the critical failure criterion and failure modes of a target tank under the coupled loading of the explosion shock wave and an adjacent pool fire.     

排桩几何参数对其隔振半径的影响试验研究

通过室外试验的方法、从二维角度入手并将排桩参数与瑞利波波长建立联系研究了几何参数变化时隔振半径的变化。结果表明:单排桩可取得整体性的隔振特点,并且隔振效果最佳的区域在桩后较近的距离;桩长增加可使其隔振效果提升且隔振半径随桩长与波长比值的增加而增加,当桩长与波长比值小于0.320时,隔振半径为0;随比值增加到0.820左右,隔振半径增加到约0.680 m。桩间距的增加可使其隔振效果变差,隔振半径随桩间距与波长比值增加而降低,当比值达到0.300~0.430时,隔振半径长度降为0。振源距离增加可使得排桩隔振效果增强,而隔振半径随振源距与波长比值增加而增加,当比值在0.165~0.305的范围内时,隔振半径为0;随比值增加到0.808左右,隔振半径的长度增加到约0.512 m。     

带肋薄壁钢管混凝土T形柱温度场试验与数值分析

为研究高温下带肋薄壁钢管混凝土T形截面柱温度场的分布规律,采用电热炉进行了温度场试验,进而采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立模型,与试验结果比较,验证模型的可靠性,在此基础上,分析了标准火灾下构件温度分布规律,构件从受火面到构件截面中部,温度逐渐降低,混凝土温度较钢管和钢筋温度明显滞后,且四个阳角温度高于两个阴角温度。在工程常用范围内,分析了受火时间、截面尺寸和加劲肋间距对构件温度场分布的影响,结果表明:随着构件截面尺寸的增大截面温度呈明显降低趋势,随着受火时间的增加钢管温度和混凝土温度呈不同态势增长,而钢筋加劲肋间距变化对温度场影响较小。     

烟气深度余热回收技术对燃气锅炉NOx排放扩散迁移规律的影响研究

运用Fluent计算软件对北京市丰台区某燃气锅炉排放烟气中NOx的转化和扩散过程进行了数值模拟,定量地研究了烟气深度余热回收技术对燃气锅炉排放NOx在大气中的迁移规律产生的影响,并与Screen 3模型模拟的结果进行了对比.研究发现:烟气深度余热回收技术的应用使NOx的最大落地浓度与烟气直排时相比增加了2.5倍,NOx对本地地表的影响面积增大了15750 m2,增加了本地环境污染的风险.结合燃气锅炉的NOx控制技术提出了缓解局部环境风险的解决方案.结果表明,烟气深度余热回收技术与低氮燃烧技术联用,NOx的控制效率达到70%以上时,在有效提升锅炉热效率的同时,可以缓解由于烟温大幅下降造成的本地环境污染恶化的风险.     

石英灯辐射式瞬态热环境试验关键技术分析

结合石英灯辐射式加热器的特性,从传感器弱信号传输、无功补偿、智能控制、仿形加热器、开环试验技术等角度出发,分析了对型号瞬态热试验性能的影响。结合瞬态热试验的实施,给出了上述几个角度制约热试验实施的改进措施,以期提高试验系统瞬态热试验的有效性。