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181.
Jafar Mahmoudi 《International Journal of Green Energy》2013,10(1):25-41
This paper describes a methodology used for designing louvered fins. Louvered fins are commonly used in many compact heat exchangers to increase the surface area and initiate new boundary layer growth. Detailed measurements can be accomplished with computational models of these louvered fins to gain a better understanding of the flow field and heat distribution. The particular louver geometry studies for this work have a louver angle of 23° and fin count of 17 fpi. The flow and heat transfer characteristics for three-dimensional mixed convection flows in a radiator flat tube with louvered fins are analyzed numerically. A three-dimensional model is developed to investigate flow and conjugate heat transfer in the copper-based car radiator. The model was produced with the commercial program FLUENT. The theoretical model has been developed and validated by comparing the predictions of the model with available experimental data. The thermal performance and temperature distribution for the louvered fins were analyzed and a procedure for optimizing the geometrical design parameter is presented. One fin specification among the various flat tube exchangers is recommended by first considering the heat transfer and pressure drop. The effects of variation of coolant flow conditions and external air conditions on the flow and the thermal characteristics for the selected radiator are investigated also. The results will be used as fundamental data for tube design by suggesting specifications for car radiator tubes. 相似文献
182.
《International Journal of Green Energy》2013,10(3):337-352
Abstract In the last decade, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been receiving an increasing attention for simulating engineering systems due to some interesting characteristics such as learning capability, fault tolerance, speed and nonlinearity. This article describes an alternative approach to assess two types of hybrid solar collector/heat pipe systems (plate heat pipe type and tube heat pipe type) using ANNs. Multiple Layer Perceptrons (MLPs) and Radial Basis Networks (RBFs) were considered. The networks were trained using results from mathematical models generated by Monte Carlo simulation. The mathematical models were based on energy balances and resulted in a system of nonlinear equations. The solution of the models was very sensitive to initial estimates, and convergence was not obtained under certain conditions. Between the two neural models, MLPs performed slightly better than RBFs. It can be concluded that similar configurations were adequate for both collector systems. It was found that ANNs simulated both collector efficiency and heat output with high accuracy when “unseen” data were presented to the networks. An important advantage of a trained ANN over the mathematical models is that convergence is not an issue and the result is obtained almost instantaneously. 相似文献
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Understanding the risk of a local extinction in a single population relative to the habitat requirements of a species is important in both theoretical and applied ecology. Local extinction risk depends on several factors, such as habitat requirements, range size of species, and habitat quality. We studied the local extinctions among 31 dragonfly and damselfly species from 1930 to 1975 and from 1995 to 2003 in Central Finland. We tested whether habitat specialists had a higher local extinction rate than generalist species. Approximately 30% of the local dragonfly and damselfly populations were extirpated during the 2 study periods. The size of the geographical range of the species was negatively related to extinction rate of the local populations. In contrast to our prediction, the specialist species had lower local extinction rates than the generalist species, probably because generalist species occurred in both low‐ and high‐quality habitat. Our results are consistent with source–sink theory. Riesgo de Extinción Local de Odonatos de Agua Dulce Generalistas y Especialistas de Hábitat 相似文献
186.
Many rural communities in British Columbia (western Canada) are at risk from wildfire. This risk will increase over time as a result of climate change because of higher average temperatures, longer growing seasons, and more intense droughts. On the other hand, these communities are also faced with rising fuel costs and a growing demand for heat as suburban population increases. The fact these communities are surrounded by forests presents an opportunity to combine community wildfire risk abatement with bioenergy development. Additional co-benefits include: (1) reduced community energy expenditures; (2) the creation of local jobs; (3) climate change mitigation; and (4) increased community energy security. Here, we present results from three pilot rural communities (Burns Lake, Invermere, and Sicamous, all of them in British Columbia) designed to evaluate the feasibility of wildfire risk abatement in conjunction with bioenergy production. Maps were created showing each community's forest–urban interface area with quantified estimates of its sustainable woody biomass resource potential under different management scenarios while monitoring ecosystem and soil health. The results and experience gained through this work has been synthesized in a calculator tool to help other communities make their own screening-level assessments. This calculator is a freely available on-line tool: FIRST Heat. 相似文献
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湿地生态系统由于其自身的结构组分特征,已成为地球表层系统中最为重要的碳汇。但是近年来对于湿地系统的不合理开发利用、降水减少等原因使其碳汇功能减弱,湿地的碳蓄积能力下降且有转变为碳源的趋势。文章从湿地生态系统的水份、植物类型、土壤厚度、微生物(底物、pH、温度、氧化还原条件)等方面总结了影响湿地碳汇/源过程的控制因子和临界交替条件。湿地水位的高低决定湿地的氧气环境,与甲烷产生量成正相关,但却与二氧化碳产生量有一定的负相关关系。湿地植物通过通气组织与根系分泌物等影响湿地碳的吸收与排放通量,湿地植株的高度、覆盖率等也是影响湿地作为碳汇与碳源的重要因素。不同深度土层由于其产甲烷菌、甲烷氧化菌等微生物活性不同导致各个土层碳吸收、排放通量的差异,通常浅层土壤中的CO2、CH4的产生率高于深层土壤。微生物的活跃程度直接影响到湿地碳的吸收与排放,影响活跃程度的因素包括湿地底物、pH、温度与氧化还原条件等。湿地底物浓度的增加会在一定程度上提高甲烷的产生率,中性或者是弱碱性环境是产甲烷菌的最适宜条件,在一定范围内温度越高,甲烷产生量越大,而温度对于二氧化碳的影响则是通过改变光合作用来实现。氧化还原电位与甲烷产生量成负相关关系,-... 相似文献
189.
我国亚热带丘陵地区流域氮素的平衡与源汇特征 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:4
以位于北亚热带丘陵地区不同利用条件下的2个相邻小流域(F:森林、FA:森林/农田)为研究区域,2007年3月~2009年2月通过定期监测雨水和径流水以及对其NH 4+-N和NO 3--N的测定,分析了流域氮素的平衡与源汇特征.结果表明,雨水中无机氮的输入量为16.72 kg.(hm2.a)-1,NH 4+-N占56%;2个小流域(F、FA)径流水中无机氮的输出量分别为5.31kg.(hm2.a)-1和8.21 kg.(hm2.a)-1,NO 3--N占75%~82%,流域内农业活动加剧了径流水中氮素的输出.大气干湿沉降输入的无机氮总量为20.06~23.41 kg.(hm2.a)-1,约占当地氮肥施用量13%~15%.2个小流域(F、FA)由于氮沉降及其转化产生的H+量分别为355 mol.(hm2.a)-1和461 mol.(hm2.a)-1,流域内农业活动在一定程度上加速了土壤酸化进程.流域氮素收支平衡表明2个小流域(F、FA)氮素净滞留量分别为13.35~16.70 kg.(hm2.a)-1和17.89~23.38 kg.(hm2.a)-1,受到农业活动影响的流域(FA)氮素的净滞留率(33%~40%)远比森林流域(F)(65%~70%)低,表明我国亚热带地区以森林为主的流域目前仍具有氮汇作用,但流域内农业活动降低了生态系统的氮汇潜力. 相似文献
190.
This article presents a heat dynamic model for prediction of the indoor temperature in an office building. The model has been used in several flexible load applications, where the indoor temperature is allowed to vary around a given reference to provide power system services by shifting the heating of the building in time. This way the thermal mass of the building can be used to absorb energy from renewable energy source when available and postpone heating in periods with lack of renewable energy generation. The model is used in a model predictive controller to ensure the residential comfort over a given prediction horizon. 相似文献