贵州煤矿区表层水-沉积物重金属分布特征及来源分析——以新寨河为例

为探索贵州煤矿区表层水-沉积物中重金属的分布特征及来源,科学制定环境保护与污染治理措施,以新寨河为研究对象,在11个样点共采集66个表层水体和沉积物样品,通过对Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Hg、Fe、Mn等9种重金属元素进行分析,揭示其在新寨河的空间分布特征。同时,利用多指数法开展了有毒重金属元素污染状况评价,通过相关性分析和主成分分析解析了重金属的来源。结果表明,新寨河流域表层水体中,Fe、Mn点位超标率达100%。表层水中重金属元素的平均含量排序为Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu＞Cr＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Hg,而沉积物中重金属元素的平均含量排序则是Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cd＞Hg,表明新寨河表层水体和沉积物中重金属元素的空间分布存在一定差异。各重金属元素的内梅罗综合污染指数介于0.59~1.13之间,表明新寨河表层水体中重金属的污染程度达到轻微污染水平。单种重金属元素的潜在生态危害系数计算结果显示,90.91%和9.09%的沉积物样点分别被归类为轻微风险和中等风险。所有样点沉积物的潜在生态危害指数介于14.57~120.55之间(均值为72.08),表明新寨河沉积物的潜在生态风险较低。Cu、As在多个样点存在污染现象,需予以重点监控管理。新寨河流域重金属的来源可分为三大类:Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu为第一类,对应地表径流源;As、Fe、Mn为第二类,对应煤矿开采源;Hg为第三类,对应复合源。     

太原市汾河河岸带土壤重金属分布特征、评价与来源解析

为了解太原城区段汾河河岸带土壤中重金属污染现状,分析了太原城区段汾河西岸河岸带表层土壤6种重金属元素(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Hg)的含量状况及其分布特征,利用单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的污染程度及其生态风险进行评价,并用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析进行源解析.结果表明,太原城区段汾河西岸河岸带土壤中Cr和Cu的均值低于山西省土壤背景值,Cd、Pb、Zn和Hg的均值超过背景值,Cd和Hg的点位超标率大于90%.沿河流方向,6种重金属含量降低,高值在二期北延段C断面.污染评价结果表明,Hg具有强生态危害,Cd具有中等强度生态危害,其它4种重金属是轻微生态危害,各样点综合潜在生态风险为中等.相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明,Zn、Pb和Cd具有同源性,主要受交通运输、农业生产活动和矿业活动等人为源的影响;Hg和Cu来源相似,污染源为工业生产,并且Cu在一定程度上受交通运输和农业活动的影响;Cr的污染源是成土母质和工业生产.     

滇中典型工矿业城市大气干湿沉降重金属等元素特征及健康风险评价

为研究滇中地区典型工矿业城市大气干湿沉降元素特征及健康风险,选择安宁市2019年6月至2020年7月间采集的大气干湿沉降物为研究对象,分别测定了干、湿沉降中TN、F、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、P、As和Hg这11个指标含量,计算了大气年沉降通量,并采用暴露风险模型评估了其对人体健康风险.结果表明：1大气干沉降物中除Cr、Ni和As,元素F、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量平均值显著高于安宁市表层土壤元素含量,其分别为5.82、3.00、28.27、57.53、2.83和1.08倍;湿沉降物中F和TN平均含量超过地表水Ⅴ类水标准值;2 TN年沉降通量最高,8种重金属元素的年沉降通量从小到大依次为：Hg-6,不存在致癌性风险或风险较小.因此需加强对区内工矿企业大气重金属排放的严格管控.     

多元竞争体系下的微界面动力学响应机理研究——以细颗粒泥沙吸附多元重金属离子铅、铜和镉为例

研究微界面动力学响应机理能更好地了解动力学扩散模式的内在机制.通过竞争吸附实验,采用微界面作用模式识别多元重金属离子铅、铜和镉在泥沙颗粒上的扩散模式,探究多元重金属离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化规律,剖析多元竞争体系下的微界面动力学响应机理.结果显示,10 min前,多元竞争体系下离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化较大,为快速吸附阶段,与扩散速率较大的膜扩散过程对应.10 min后,离子的液相浓度波动变化,吸附速率变化呈“N型”、“倒N型”、“W型”和“倒W型”特征,吸附解吸交替进行,不同竞争体系离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化不同,进入孔隙的时间存在差异,此阶段为膜扩散和颗粒内扩散并存,不同竞争体系的离子的颗粒内扩散时间不一致.60 min后, 离子的液相浓度较稳定和吸附速率较小,微界面作用趋于稳定,为扩散速率较小的颗粒内扩散阶段.研究结果可为多元竞争体系的微观界面动力学响应机理提供理论支撑.     

间歇-阶段性酸雨入侵对填埋稳定化飞灰中重金属浸出行为影响

以间歇-分阶段进水方式进行了模拟酸雨柱式动态淋溶实验.结果表明,间歇-阶段性酸雨入侵会影响填埋飞灰中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的浸出行为;尤其间歇停滞期后的初期酸雨入侵会增加多数重金属的再浸出水平,且该部分重金属的释放主要源于前阶段酸雨侵蚀过程中所形成的非稳定性(弱酸态)重金属.各酸雨侵蚀阶段,部分重金属(如Pb-Zn)的浸出行为具有相关性,这与各重金属在飞灰基质内的赋存形态、矿物相稳定性及酸性侵蚀程度等有关.各阶段酸雨入侵会相继溶出飞灰中的可溶性(NaCl、KCl等)、难溶性氯盐(CaClOH)以及微溶性钙盐(CaSO₄),并增加CaCO₃和Ca-Al-Si-O等矿物的峰强.各阶段酸雨入侵会使初始飞灰表面的团簇状结构逐渐被酸性(H⁺)侵蚀作用破坏,并暴露出大量棒状或条形状CaCO₃晶体,且随着酸雨入侵次数的增加,CaCO₃也将逐渐被侵蚀破坏.本研究为非连续酸性降雨条件下填埋稳定化飞灰的重金属浸出行为评价及风险管控提供了科学依据.     

Heavy metals contents of roadside mosses in the northern and south-eastern regions of Nigeria

Levels of lead, zinc, cadmium, copper and nickel were determined in roadside moss samples within towns in the northern and south-eastern regions of Nigeria. Average lead level in the south-east (59 ppm) was higher than the average for the northern region (44 ppm). Average levels of zinc, cadmium, copper and nickel did not differ significantly between the two regions, with overall averages for the entire study area being 50.9, 1.2, 11.3 and 5.6 ppm for these metals. Lead levels were poorly correlated with those of the other metals, indicating that automobile emissions may not be the main source for these metals in the moss. In comparison with a previous study of the south-west region, the results indicate a generally slightly higher level of metal pollution in the south-west region than in both the northern and south-eastern regions.     

Experimental evaluation of emission factors of cement kilns burning hazardous wastes

Cement industry is an interesting way to eliminate combustible wastes. Thermal valorization is maximal, conditions of combustion are especially favorable to the destruction and the trapping of pollutants, and there are neither ultimate residues (slag) nor aqueous rejects. Moreover the properties of the cement are not modified. Nevertheless the increased use of substitution fuel may lead to deal with unusual amounts of heavy metals. Tests were realized on several rotary cement kilns with varying substitution ratios of fossil fuels by wastes. Mass balances were fitted over the whole plant, and emission factors were explained.     

铁矿石和生物炭添加对潜流人工湿地污水处理效果及温室气体排放的影响

人工湿地是温室气体的重要排放源,为了探索减少其温室气体排放的措施,通过在温室内构建了空白-人工湿地(湿地Ⅰ)、铁矿石-人工湿地(湿地Ⅱ)、生物炭-人工湿地(湿地Ⅲ)和铁矿石+生物炭-人工湿地(湿地Ⅳ)4组湿地,研究了铁矿石和生物炭基质的添加对潜流人工湿地污水处理效果和温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,4组湿地的平均出水CO...     

微生物对土壤环境中重金属活性的影响

各种工农业生产和家庭消费引起的重金属在环境中的释放 ,以及由此带来的环境胁迫和破坏 ,呈加剧的趋势 .在全球范围内 ,人类活动引起的Ｐｂ ,Ｃｄ,Ｖ与Ｚｎ的释放量分别是自然情况下的 12 ,5 ,3和 3倍 .Ｓｂ ,Ａｓ ,Ｃｒ,Ｃｕ ,Ｈｇ,Ｎｉ,Ｓｅ等的人为释放量或超过自然释放量 ,或与自然释放量持平[1] .土壤是重金属离子的源和汇 ,土壤中的重金属离子可以多种形态存在 ,如可溶态、交换态以及与不同土壤固相组分如碳酸盐、铁锰氧化物、有机质、残渣物质结合的形态[2 ] .重金属在土壤中的活性和生物有效性受到多种因素的制约 ,特别是各种有机胶…     

Urban Geochemistry: A Multimedia and Multielement Survey of a Small Town in Northern Europe

The concentrations and distributions of chemical elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W and Zn) were studied in till, humus and urban soil in Jakobstad, a small town (20,000 inhabitants) in W. Finland. The analyses were performed with ICP-MS after aqua regia leaching of till (n = 37), urban topsoil (n = 32) and subsoil (n = 32), and HNO3 leaching of humus (n = 37). The till and humus samples, collected at the same sites, were divided into urban and rural samples. The urban till was not significantly enriched in metals. In contrast, a majority of the elements occurred in higher concentrations in the urban than the rural humus samples. Statistical and spatial interpretations of the humus data revealed that traffic (Pb, V and Ni), metal industry (Pb, Zn, Bi, Sb and Cr), an abandoned shooting range (Pb and Sb) and other sources contribute to higher metal levels in the urban humus. The urban soil samples were collected at parks, yards, abandoned industrial sites, roadsides, etc. The topsoil samples were enriched in most elements, also by elements not enriched in the urban humus (e.g. Cd). At several sites, the concentrations far exceeded the limit concentrations for contaminated soils in Finland. A large variety of sources were identified or indicated.