合肥市十八联圩湿地表层沉积物营养盐与重金属分布及污染评价

十八联圩是南淝河入巢湖湖口区一处由"退耕还湿"形成的大型人工湿地.为了解其表层沉积物营养盐与重金属分布和污染特征,于2018年7月采集湿地内部和外部毗邻水体共72个位点的沉积物样品进行调查,并对污染来源进行了分析.结果表明,在十八联圩湿地内部水体中,表层沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机质(OM)平均含量分别为2 108. 87mg·kg~(-1)、1 448. 82 mg·kg~(-1)和86. 2 g·kg~(-1),而在外部水体中,分别为2 305. 81 mg·kg~(-1)、1 268. 46 mg·kg~(-1)和59. 9 g·kg~(-1).重金属Mn、Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、As和Hg在湿地内、外部水体中的平均含量分别为462. 58、42. 12、21. 69、18. 05、0. 63、5. 67和0. 059 mg·kg~(-1); 381. 61、36. 85、24. 74、30. 70、2. 49、6. 47和0. 035 mg·kg~(-1).湿地内水体表层沉积物,在营养盐污染评价中,TN整体处于轻度至中度污染水平,TP整体处于重度污染水平,营养盐整体处于中度至重度污染水平;在有机污染指数评价中,OM整体处于中度至重度污染水平;在重金属潜在生态风险评价中,潜在生态风险指数(RI)和潜在生态风险系数(Eir)表明,部分区域的Cd与Hg具有一定的生态风险.而湿地外毗邻水体表层沉积物的营养盐水平同样较高,且重金属污染严重,所有位点均达到强生态风险以上.     

粤港澳大湾区典型化工场地苯系物污染特征及迁移规律

以粤港澳大湾区某典型化工污染场地为例,共采集了247个土壤样品和20个地下水样品,探讨了场地苯系物的污染分布特征,利用GMS分别从水平和垂直方向模拟分析了该场地苯系物在土壤与地下水的污染迁移扩散规律.结果表明,场地土壤样品中苯、乙苯、间,对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯超筛选值,其中苯系物超筛选值的土壤样品主要集中在0. 5～4 m深度范围;地下水样品中苯、乙苯、间,对-二甲苯和邻-二甲苯超标较严重,最大超标倍数分别为140. 00、101. 33、212. 00和103. 40倍,主要分布在浅层地下水.地下水中的苯污染物在水平方向主要以对流/弥散运移方式从西北往东南方向迁移,而在垂向上浮苯主要集中在地下水面处,溶解态苯主要在水动力作用下迁移.模拟验证分析结果表明,MT3D模型能较准确地反映场地苯系物的空间分布和迁移特征,可为粤港澳大湾区化工类污染场地的精准化管控与修复提供科学指导.     

北京城区大气金属元素干湿沉降特征

为研究北京市大气中金属元素的干湿沉降特征,评估不同观测方法的差异性,于2014年5月至2015年4月在北京城区同步采集了混合沉降和湿沉降样品.利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了样品中19种金属(Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Mo、Cd、Sb、Tl、Th和U)的浓度.结果表明,混合沉降样品中各金属浓度[7 160.68μg·L~(-1)(Ca)～0.02μg·L~(-1)(Th)]普遍高于湿沉降样品[4 237.74μg·L~(-1)(Ca)～0.01μg·L~(-1)(Th)].两种样品中相同金属的富集因子差异较小,其中Cu、As、Tl、Zn、Cd、Se和Sb的富集因子均大于100,表明这些重金属主要来自人为污染源.气团轨迹分析表明,北京城区降水过程主要受偏南气团的影响,其中来自西南气团的降水样品中Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Cu、Mo、U和Th等金属浓度较高,而来自南部的气团K、Zn、Mn、Sb、Cd和Tl等金属浓度较高.观测期间大气中金属元素的混合沉降通量变化于3 591.35 mg·(m~2·a)~(-1)(Ca)～0.01 mg·(m~2·a)~(-1)(Th),湿沉降通量变化于1 847.78 mg·(m~2·a)~(-1)(Ca)～0.01mg·(m~2·a)~(-1)(Th).混合沉降与湿沉降差减得到19种金属的干沉降通量变化于1 743.57 mg·(m~2·a)~(-1)(Ca)～0.01mg·(m~2·a)~(-1)(Th).大气颗粒物的粒径大小对金属的干湿沉降过程具有重要影响.     

Development of a model to simulate soil heavy metals lateral migration quantity based on SWAT in Huanjiang watershed, China

Lateral transportation of soil heavy metals in rainfall events could significantly increase the scope of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model with high accuracy to simulate the migration quantity of heavy metals. A model for heavy metal migration simulation was developed based on the SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. This model took into consideration the influence of soil p H value, soil particle size, runoff volume, sediment amount,concentration of water-soluble heavy metals dissolved in runoff and insoluble absorbed to the soil particles. This model was reasonable in Huanjiang watershed, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, south China, covering an area of 273 km~2. The optimal drainage area threshold was determined by analyzing the effects of watershed subdivision on the simulation results to ensure the simulation accuracy. The main conclusions of this paper were:(1) watershed subdivision could affect simulation migration quantity of heavy metals;(2) the quantity of heavy metals transported by sediment accounted for 97%–99% of the total migration quantity in the study watershed. Therefore, sediment played the most important role in heavy metal migration;(3) the optimal drainage area threshold percentage to ensure high simulation accuracy was determined to be 2.01% of the total watershed;(4) with the optimal threshold percentage, this model could simulate the migration quantity of As, Pb and Cd accurately at the total watershed and subwatershed level. The results of this paper were useful for identifying the key regions with heavy metal migration.     

Emission of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil

Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are crucial precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, gaseous IVOCs emitted from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil (HFO) were investigated on a test bench, which could simulate the real-world operations and emissions of ocean-going ships. The chemical compositions, emission factors (EFs) and volatility distributions of IVOC emissions were investigated. The results showed that the main engine burning HFO emitted a large amount of IVOCs, with average IVOC EFs of 20.2–201?mg/kg-fuel. The IVOCs were mainly comprised of unspeciated compounds. The chemical compositions of exhaust IVOCs were different from that of HFO fuel, especially for polycyclic aromatic compounds and alkylcyclohexanes. The volatility distributions of IVOCs were also different between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel. The distinctions in IVOC emission characteristics between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel should be considered when assessing the IVOC emission and related SOA formation potentials from ocean-going ships burning HFO, especially when using fuel-surrogate models.     

典型平原地区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属赋存形态分布特征及生物有效性评价

为考察并掌握典型平原地区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn的污染现状,以上海市某生活垃圾焚烧厂为例,研究其周边土壤中重金属赋存形态分布特征及生物有效性,采用Tessier连续提取法结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱检测分析表层土壤中目标重金属总量及形态分布,并利用风险评估编码法（RAC）评价其生态风险水平.结果表明:研究区域土壤中Pb和Zn主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态和残渣态为主（>80%）;Cr、Cu和Ni则以残渣态为主（>60%）;Cd虽以残渣态为主（>50%）,但与其他重金属相比,其碳酸盐结合态占比相对较高.生物有效性分析结果显示,Cr、Cu和Ni以惰性态为主,生物有效性低,而潜在可利用态Cd、Pb和Zn占比较高,存在较高的释放风险.土壤中各重金属潜在生态风险水平由高到低依次为Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr,其中,Cu、Pb和Zn处于低风险水平,Cr和Ni处于无风险水平,而Cd处于中等风险水平.研究显示,该垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中重金属已存在不同程度的污染累积,其中,潜在可利用态Cd的占比较高,已达中等风险水平,应引起重视.      

羟胺强化过渡金属活化过硫酸盐降解磺胺甲恶唑

以典型磺胺类抗生素—磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)为降解对象,选取赤铁矿(α-Fe_2O_3)、氧化钴(Co_2O_3)和氧化铜(CuO)3种过渡金属氧化物(M_xO_y),研究了羟胺(HA)对3种过渡金属氧化物活化过硫酸盐(PDS)降解SMZ的强化效果及机理.结果表明,HA对M_xO_y/PDS体系降解SMZ具有明显的促进作用,初始HA、PDS、M_xO_y和SMZ浓度均对SMZ的降解具有重要影响.电子顺磁共振(EPR)实验结果证实,α-Fe_2O_3/HA/PDS和Co_2O_3/HA/PDS体系中的主要活性自由基是·OH,而CuO/HA/PDS体系中SMZ的降解并不依赖于自由基的生成,表面活化态PDS是降解SMZ的主要活性物种.此外,采用高效液相色谱-离子阱质谱联用仪(HPLC-ESI-MS)检测了SMZ在Co_2O_3/HA/PDS体系中的降解产物.结果表明,SMZ主要通过3条路径进行降解矿化,分别为氨基官能团的硝基化、不饱和碳碳双键的羟基加成及磺胺键的断裂.     

Effect of manganese oxide-modified biochar addition on methane production and heavy metal speciation during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Low organic matter content and high heavy metal levels severely inhibit the anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge. In this study, the effect of added manganese oxide-modified biochar composite (MBC) on methane production and heavy metal fractionation during sewage sludge AD was examined. The MBC could increase the buffering capacity, enhance the methane production and degradation of intermediate acids, buffer the pH of the culture, and stabilize the sewage sludge AD process. The application of MBC positively impacted methane production and the cumulative methane yield increased up to 121.97%, as compared with the control. The MBC addition can improve metal stabilization in the digestate. An optimum MBC dose of 2.36?g was recommended, which would produce up to 121.1?L/kg volatile solids of methane. After the AD process, even though most of the metals accumulated in the residual solids, they could be transformation from the bio-available fractions to a more stable fraction. The total organic- and sulfide-bound and residual fraction content at a 3?g dose of MBC that is 0.12?g/g dry matter were 51.06% and 35.11% higher than the control, respectively. The results indicated that the application of MBC could improve the performance of AD and promote stabilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge post the AD process.     

多点汇流下污水管网污染物迁变规律及其机制

为研究城市污水管网多点汇流条件下污染物的迁变规律及其对微生物繁衍的影响机制,建立一套多汇流点位的污水管道中试系统,探究污水输送过程中碳,氮,硫3类主要污染物质的迁移转化特性.结果 表明,汇流点前溶解态化学需氧量(SCOD)和硫酸盐(SO42-)浓度下降,氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度上升,支管汇流使得汇流点3类污染物浓度显著...     

皂角苷和柠檬酸联合对市政污泥中重金属的去除与风险评价

污泥的重金属污染严重制约其资源化利用,为探讨皂角苷和柠檬酸联合淋洗去除污泥中重金属的效果,为污泥的资源化利用提供理论依据,以武汉市4个市政污泥样品(S1、S2、S3、S4)为研究对象,选取1％的皂角苷和0.1 mol/L的柠檬酸联合淋洗1?4次,对淋洗前后污泥中重金属Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr的含量和形态进行了...