多相催化臭氧氧化技术机理研究进展

多相催化臭氧氧化技术能够有效去除水中的微量有机物。尽管有越来越多的研究致力于多相催化臭氧氧化技术领域,以及各种新的催化剂的引入,但对于多相催化臭氧氧化技术机理尚不清楚。因此,本文针对多相催化臭氧氧化技术中常用的负载型金属、负载型金属氧化物以及活性炭三类催化剂的反应机理进行了探讨。此外还对机理研究中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

Measurement of heterogeneous uptake of NO2 on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime

Heterogeneous reactions of NO₂ on different surfaces play an important role in atmospheric NO_x removal and HONO formation, having profound impacts on photochemistry in polluted urban areas. Previous studies have suggested that the NO₂ uptake on the ground or aerosol surfaces could be a dominant source for elevated HONO during the daytime. However, the uptake behavior of NO₂ varies with different surfaces, and different uptake coefficients were used or derived in different studies. To obtain a more holistic picture of heterogeneous NO₂ uptake on different surfaces, a series of laboratory experiments using different flow tube reactors was conducted, and the NO₂ uptake coefficients (γ) were determined on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime. The results showed that heterogeneous reactions on those surfaces were generally weak in dark conditions, with the measured γ varied from <10^?8 to 3.2 × 10^?7 under different humidity. A photo-enhanced uptake of NO₂ on urban grime was observed, with the obvious formation of HONO and NO from the heterogeneous reaction. The photo-enhanced γ was measured to be 1.9 × 10^?6 at 5% relative humidity (RH) and 5.8 × 10^?6 at 70% RH on urban grime, showing a positive RH dependence for both NO₂ uptake and HONO formation. The results demonstrate an important role of urban grime in the daytime NO₂-to-HONO conversion, and could be helpful to explain the unknown daytime HONO source in the polluted urban area.     

弹药殉爆试验与反应等级评估探讨

目的获取弹药在殉爆情况下发生反应的特征行为,为不敏感弹药的评定以及弹药安全性的评估提供技术支撑。方法参照北约STANAG4396标准,开展某型弹药殉爆试验。采用超压测量、见证板变形破坏情况观测、破片速度测量等传统测试方法,结合先进的激光干涉测速技术(Photonic Doppler Velocimetry—PDV)测量被发弹药及主发弹药反应后壳体膨胀速度。结果被发弹药侧见证板比主发弹药侧见证板产生了更严重的变形。11 m和14 m处超压测量结果分别达到306 kPa和177 kPa,与两枚弹药爆轰后产生的超压相当。被发弹药和主发弹药的壳体膨胀速度相当,达到约3500 m/s。结论在试验条件下,被发弹药发生了爆轰反应,该弹药不属于不敏感弹药。在殉爆试验中,主发弹药和被发弹药的壳体膨胀速度可作为判断被发弹药反应等级的关键参量。     

悬浮铝粉尘的爆轰波结构

使用两相流模型,对管中的悬浮铝粉尘的爆轰波结构进行了理论分析.铝粉尘的爆轰波模型中,气体和颗粒具有不同的速度及温度,并考虑了动量变化及管壁损耗对稳定结构的影响.本文研究了颗粒直径对铝颗粒的点火延迟、爆轰波压力以及温度的影响,得到了爆轰波中各物理量分布,确定了空气中悬浮铝粉尘发生爆轰的临界颗粒尺寸为14μm.     

可燃气体爆速测试仪的研制

爆炸速度是反映可燃气体爆炸性质的一个重要参数，掌握各种可燃气体的爆炸速度，对预防和控制在工业生产中可燃气体爆炸灾害，制定可燃性气体爆炸事故应急计划具有重要意义。所述的爆速测试仪就是通过光纤传感将可燃气体在一定距离内的爆炸时间由显示屏直观地显示出来，进而得到可燃气体的爆炸速度。研制该测试仪的初衷是为了能够完善DBZ-1爆炸范围测试系统功能，使该系统不仅可以按原设计测试方法，使用声级计测量爆炸声音的大小，再通过声级来反映气体浓度的变化，而且还可以通过测试可燃气体的爆炸速度来反映气体浓度的变化。     

氢气爆炸特性研究

本文研究、总结了氢气与空气(氢气与氧气)的混合物的爆炸特性.即氢气在空气中,在比较低燃烧界限的情况下,只有向上的传播和非常少的超压可以观测得到.正因为氢气的这种特性,将氢应用于科技将极大地推进社会进步,氢燃料将成为一种主要的能源.然而,氢技术应用的成功与否主要取决于氢使用的安全性.所以,必须掌握实际使用时氢气燃烧的性能.本文在日本过去十年实验数据的基础上,通过实验研究了氢气与空气混合物的燃点.研究了氢气、氧气混合物经氮气稀释后,按化学当量比例将不同浓度的氢气与空气进行混合,并得出了低温下的爆炸压力特性.随后,分别讨论了在初始压力下一致的情况下,试管直径相同的状况下,氢气与空气混合浓度相同的情况下,这三种爆轰传播限制之间的关系.得出了在空气中直接点燃的发生爆轰的最小试管直径,最小的装药量之间的关系,进行了爆轰危险性分级.最后,文章概括比较了氢与其他燃料的燃烧特性,评估了氢气燃烧过程中的危险与安全因素.     

Impact of a shock wave on a structure on explosion at altitude

The number of explosive attacks on civilian buildings has recently increased and the pattern of damage inflicted on structures when an explosion takes place at altitude remains quite difficult to predict. The primary aim of the work reported here was to enhance the understanding of how blast waves from an explosion at altitude interact with the ground and with a structure. Small-scale experiments were conducted using a propane–oxygen stoichiometric mixture as explosive. This approach is original because it models high-explosive detonation in terms of gaseous charge explosion using TNT equivalents. Several non-dimensional laws are expressed and validated by experiments. These relationships allow determination of the propagation of a blast wave and its interaction with a structure as a function of the position of the explosive charge when the explosion occurs at altitude. Then, from knowledge of the blast loading, using Hopkinson's scaling law and TNT equivalents, we can predict the interaction of blast waves with the ground and a structure on a real scale. Simulations were performed using the Autodyn code, and good correlation with the experimental results was obtained.     

A violent,episodic vapour cloud explosion assessment: Deflagration-to-detonation transition

A large vapour cloud explosion (VCE) followed by a fire is one of the most dangerous and high consequence events that can occur in petrochemical facilities. The current process of safety practice in the industry in VCE assessment is to assume that all VCEs are deflagration. This assumption has been considered for nearly three decades. In recent years, major fire and VCE incidents in fuel storage depots gained considerable attention in extreme high explosion overpressure due to the transition from Deflagration to Detonation (DDT). Though the possibility of DDTs is lower than deflagrations, they have been identified in some of the most recent large-scale VCE incidents, including Buncefield (UK), 2005, San Juan explosion (US), 2009, and IOCL Jaipur (India), 2009 event. Such an incident established the need to understand not only VCE but also the importance of avoiding the escalation of minor incidents into much more devastating consequences.Despite decades of research, understanding of the fundamental physical mechanisms and governing factors of deflagration-to detonation transition (DDT) transition remains mostly elusive. An extreme multi-scale, multi-physics nature of this process uncertainly makes DDT one of the “Grand Challenge” problems of typical physics, and any significant developments toward its assured insistence would require revolutionary step forward in experiments, theory, and numerical modelling. Under certain circumstances, nevertheless, it is possible for DDT to occur, and this can be followed by a propagating detonation that quickly consumes the remaining detonable cloud. In a detonable cloud, a detonation creates the worst accident that can happen. Because detonation overpressures are much higher than those in a deflagration and continue through the entire detonable cloud, the damage from a DDT event is more severe. The consideration of detonation in hazard and risk assessment would identify new escalation potentials and recognize critical buildings impacted. This knowledge will allow more effective management of this hazard.The main conclusion from this paper is that detonations did occur in Jaipur accident at least part of the VCE accidents. The vapour cloud explosion could not have been caused by a deflagration alone, given the widespread occurrence of high overpressures and directional indicators in open uncongested areas containing the cloud. Additionally, the major incident has left many safety issues behind, which must be repeatedly addressed. It reveals that adequate safety measures were either underestimated or not accounted for seriously. This article highlights the aftermath of the IOCL Jaipur incident and addresses challenges put forward by it.     

半导体多相光催化技术研究现状及发展趋势

半导体多相光催化技术是光化学领域和环保领域中的研究热点之一。本文综述了半导体多相光催化反应机理、反应动力学、影响半导体多相光催化降解的因素、目前半导体多相光催化技术在实际环境中的应用,并对其前景及发展方向作出展望。     

Gas-phase and aerosol chemistry interactions in South Europe and the Mediterranean region

The atmospheric chemical composition is affected by the interaction mechanisms among gases and particulate matter through a wide range of chemical reactions that can occur with the aid of particulate matter (e.g. particles act as reacting or absorbing surfaces) or be influenced by the presence of particulate matter in the atmosphere (photochemical reactions). Physical and chemical processes are also bonded in an interactive way that often leads to the influence of the radiation budget, cloud physics and the warming or cooling of the lower atmospheric levels. The Euro-Mediterranean region is a key-sensitive area due to the unique climatic and air quality characteristics associated with the regional climatic patterns, geomorphology (land and water contrast) and coexistence of pollutants from different origin. Focusing on this region, the gas-aerosol interactions are studied using state-of-the-art atmospheric and chemical transport modeling tools following the necessary development in the chemical transport model CAMx. Sensitivity and large-scale simulations have shown significant responses of the modeling system to the inclusion of natural species emissions, the direct shading effect of dust particles on photochemical processes and the formation of new types of aerosols through heterogeneous uptake of gases on dust particles. Including such interactions in the chemical transport model often led to the improvement of the model performance compared with available measurements in the region.