长江三角洲城市间环境公平性研究

定义了环境公平性包括基于自然资源禀赋的环境公平性及基于经济产出的环境公平性。为表征基于自然资源禀赋的环境公平性,构造并计算了长江三角洲（简称长三角）各地环境压力指数。为表征经济产出的环境公平性,构造了环境基尼系数与绿色贡献系数。根据2004年环境经济发展水平及污染排放数据（COD与SO2排放量）,计算了长三角各地级市的环境压力与基于GDP的COD与SO2环境基尼系数与各地的绿色贡献系数。借助分层聚类分析,得出以下结论：（1）从基于自然资源禀赋的环境公平性上讲,上海面临的环境压力最高,江苏省城市较浙江省高;（2）从基于经济产出的环境公平性上讲,长三角地区基于GDP的COD、SO2环境基尼系数分别为017与013,相较全国,长三角实现了更高发展水平上的均衡;（3）在长三角内部比较,镇江、泰州等部分城市COD、SO2排放的生态效率仍需进一步提高。最后指出：在区域层面上合理分布区域环境压力,在比较中提高各地生态效率是推动长三角环境保护发展、促进长三角环境保护一体化的重要举措。     

生态岛建设过程中环境类指标构建研究——以崇明岛为例

提出了将压力 状态 响应（PSR）模型与系统分析法理论集成起来构建生态岛建设过程中环境类指标的方法和步骤。指标构建过程分为4个步骤：（1）首先利用已有生态区域（岛）相关环境类指标确定备选指标集;（2）利用PSR模型对指标逻辑关系进行分析筛选;（3）以2010年为近期目标年,利用系统分析法确定指标核心要素,得到二次筛选指标;（4）以2030年为远期目标年,以综合性和动态性为依据确定最终指标。以上海市崇明岛为例,确定水、气、土为核心考核要素,构建了基于崇明生态岛建设过程的近期及远期目标的环境类考核指标体系。指标评价结果表明,崇明生态岛建设过程中环境类综合指数为72,其中环境压力指数、环境质量指数、环境保护指数分别为85、80和51,与崇明岛实际较为吻合。部分研究结果已在崇明岛生态建设过程中得到实际应用。     

Use of a food web model to evaluate the factors responsible for high PCB fish concentrations in Lake Ellasjøen, a high Arctic Lake

Background, aim, and scope

Lake Ellasjøen, located in the Norwegian high arctic, contains the highest concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ever recorded in fish and sediment from high arctic lakes, and concentrations are more than 10 times greater than in nearby Lake Øyangen. These elevated concentrations in Ellasjøen have been previously attributed, in part, to contaminant loadings from seabirds that use Ellasjøen, but not Øyangen, as a resting area. However, other factors, such as food web structure, organism growth rate, weight, lipid content, lake morphology, and nutrient inputs from the seabird guano, also differ between the two systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relative influence of these factors as explanatory variables for the higher PCB fish concentrations in Ellasjøen compared with Øyangen, using both a food web model and empirical data.

Methods

The model is based on previously developed models but parameterized for Lakes Ellasjøen and Øyangen using measured data wherever possible. The model was applied to five representative PCB congeners (PCB 105, 118, 138, 153, and 180) using measured sediment and water concentrations as input data and evaluated with previously collected food web data.

Results

Modeled concentrations are within a factor of two of measured concentrations in 60% and 40% of the cases in Lakes Ellasjøen and Øyangen, respectively, and within a factor of 10 in 100% of the cases in both lakes. In many cases, this is comparable to the variability associated with the data as well as the efficacy of the predictions of other food web model applications.

Discussion

We next used the model to quantify the relative importance of five major differences between Ellasjøen and Øyangen by replacing variables representing each of these factors in the Ellasjøen model with those from Øyangen, in separate simulations. The model predicts that the elevated PCB concentrations in Ellasjøen water and sediment account for 49%–58% of differences in modeled fish PCB concentrations between lakes. These elevated sediment and, to a lesser extent, water concentrations in Ellasjøen are due to PCB loadings from seabird guano. However, sediment–water fugacity ratios of PCBs are consistently greater in Ellasjøen compared with Øyangen, which suggests that internal lake processes also contribute to differences in sediment and water concentrations. We hypothesize that the nutrients associated with guano influence sediment–water fugacity ratios of PCBs by increasing the stock of pelagic algae. As both these algae and the guano settle, their organic carbon content is degraded faster than PCBs, which causes an extra magnification step in Ellasjøen before these detrital particles are consumed by benthic organisms, which are in turn consumed by fish. The model predicts that the remaining ～50% of the differences in PCB concentrations observed between the fish of these lakes are due to other subtle differences in their food web structures.

Conclusions

In conclusion, based on the results of a food web model, we found that the most dominant factors influencing the higher PCB fish concentrations in Lake Ellasjøen compared with Øyangen are the higher sediment and water concentrations in Ellasjøen, caused by seabird guano. Together, sediment and water are predicted to account for 49%–58% of differences in fish concentrations between lakes. Although seabird guano provides a source of nutrients to the lake, in addition to contaminants, empirical data and indirect model results suggest that nutrients are not leading to decreased bioaccumulation, in contrast to what has been observed in temperate, pelagic food webs.

Recommendations and perspectives

The results of this study emphasize the importance of considering even small differences in food web structure when comparing bioaccumulation in two lakes; although the food web structures of Ellasjøen and Øyangen differ only slightly, the model predicts that these differences account for most of the remaining ～50% of the differences in PCB fish concentrations between the two lakes. This study further demonstrates the utility of food web models as we were able to predict and tease apart the influence of various factors responsible for the elevated concentrations in the fish from Lake Ellasjøen, which would have been difficult using the field data alone.     

加油站地下储油罐压力管理系统的相关研究

在当前普遍采用的加油站真空辅助式第二阶段油气回收系统中,为了避免回收到地下储油罐中的油气再次通过P/V阀排空,必须对其中气相空间的压力实施有效控制。从国外的发展情况来看,地下储油罐的压力管理系统主要分为基于膜分离技术、基于弹性气囊和基于活性炭吸附三大类,其中膜法油气回收装置在国内已经得到了较多关注。首次系统介绍了气囊式压力管理系统的工作原理及其主要结构设计,具体包括管线布局、钢制压力容器壳体、位于容器顶部封头上的接口组件和全部位于容器内的气囊等;同时对另外一种可行方案进行了分析。     

辽河油田稠油泥砂综合处理工艺的研究*

稠油污泥作为含油污泥的典型代表,其成分极为复杂、处理难度极大,由于目前国内外尚无成熟工艺可完全实现其"减量化、资源化、无害化处理",给油田生产和环境保护带来了严重影响。文章分析了稠油污泥的组成及性质,根据稠油污泥来源不同实施分类预处理,利用热风干化技术将其减量,经热解气化焚烧和热能利用,为实现含油污泥无害化处理进行了有益探索。     

高压水射流清洗油井结垢管安全生产问题讨论

针对目前油田开发生产中出现的油井管存在结垢日益严重、清洗难度大、污染环境、影响油水井安全生产等问题,理论与实际结合,提出了利用高压水射流清洗结垢管技术。给出了结垢管安全清洗的工艺流程及清洗装置,并阐明射流清洗的工作原理、结构特点、技术标准、检验方法、安全保护措施等,同时进行了高压旋转喷头的设计和其他技术参数的优选。通过胜利油田孤东采油厂结垢管现场高压水射流安全清洗,证实该技术具有良好的经济效益和社会效益,保证结垢管的安全使用和油水井的安全生产。     

激波诱导下煤粉的爆炸压力测试

因气体爆炸导致沉积粉尘的二次爆炸的威力远大于单纯的气体或者粉尘爆炸产生的威力,利用自制的装置,诱导煤粉爆炸的激波由甲烷气体爆炸产生,对激波诱导下煤粉的爆炸压力Pmax、爆炸压力上升速率(dp/dt)max进行了实验研究。该实验分别研究煤粉浓度及煤粉粒度对爆炸指数的影响,其结果表明:对于不同的煤粉浓度,存在一个理想煤粉浓度值,在这个浓度下的煤粉爆炸压力值最大;随着煤粉粒度的减小,其爆炸压力不断升高。     

大气压光电离技术及其在环境污染物分析中的应用

介绍了液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)技术中新型软电离技术大气压光电离法(APPI)的基本原理、鼻子源结构以及电离的影响因素,综述了LC-APPI-MS在环境污染物定性定量分析中的应用.     

高压密闭消解土壤砷、汞、铅、镉酸体系比较

采用高压密闭消解系统消解土壤,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定As和Hg,石墨炉原子吸收光度法(GF-AAS)测定Pb和Cd,对比了不同消解酸体系对国家土壤标准参考样中As、Hg、Pb、Cd的消解效果。结果表明,盐酸-硝酸体系对As、Hg、Pb和Cd的消解平均回收率分别为26.1%、100.6%、69.7%、87.3%;硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸体系中As、Hg、Pb和Cd消解平均回收率分别为109.9%、84.7%、87.5%、90.1%;硝酸-双氧水体系对Hg、Pb、Cd消解平均回收率分别为104.8%、95.1%、93.3%,对As的回收率虽只有69.2%,但数据精密度最好。此外,从简化试验步骤,减少误差,提高检测效率及减少试验危险性等方面综合评价,认为硝酸-双氧水消解体系是采用高压密闭系统消解土壤重金属的最理想酸体系。     

确定压力容器安全系数原则

压力容器安全系数与材料参数紧密相关,确定材料许用应力值时,需要同时考虑材料抗拉强度和屈服强度更为合理;奥氏体不锈钢材料具有非常好的应变强化能力和韧性,为充分发挥奥氏体不锈钢材料优良性能,选取奥氏体不锈钢材料许用应力值时,需要特殊考虑。压力容器安全系数的选取建立在经验基础上,在保障压力容器安全性前提条件下,为节省材料和降低成本,随着理论研究深入和科学实验的进步,压力容器安全系数有所降低,这是科学设计和实用成功经验结合的结果。