上覆水营养盐浓度对底泥氮磷释放的影响

采用校园水体底泥进行上覆水营养盐浓度对底泥释放量之间的关系研究。结果表明,在本实验条件下,上覆水水质影响底泥氮、磷的释放,尤其显著影响氮、磷的初期释放;上覆水氮、磷的浓度越小,底泥氮、磷的释放量越大;上覆水氮、磷的浓度超过一定值,会抑制底泥氮、磷的释放。     

不同水体沉积物中磷的形态分析

磷是生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,其含量与水体的营养程度密切相关,过剩的磷会导致水体富营养化,使生态平衡遭到破坏.就不同水体沉积物中磷的形态进行了分类综述,归纳总结了不同水体沉积物中磷的形态以及分布特征,并且进一步概述了影响沉积物中磷向水体释放的因素.     

丹江口水库氮磷内源释放对比

利用柱状沉积物采样器在丹江口水库采集不同点位原位柱状沉积物,通过静态培养释放实验及间隙水分子扩散模型两种方法获取沉积物-水界面N和P释放速率,分析水体N和P释放特征.结果表明,不同采样点N和P界面交换速率差异显著.静态培养条件下,5个点位NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P释放速率分别为13. 07～24. 88 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)和3. 06～6. 02 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1);分子扩散模型条件下,5个点位NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P释放速率分别为2. 67～7. 25 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)和0. 04～0. 18 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1). N和P释放速率总体呈北高南低的趋势,支流N和P最低释放速率分别是主库区最高释放速率的1. 48和1. 57倍.两种方法均表明郭家山支流N和P的释放速率最高,具有较大内源N和P释放风险.比较两种方法发现,利用Fick定律计算出的界面N和P释放速率明显小于柱样模拟方法得出的结果,N和P的R/F值分别为3. 43～4. 98和29. 67～72. 88,这表明用分子扩散模型法进行内源释放速率估算时,偏离真实情况较大,而原柱样静态模拟实验则较贴近真实情况.     

废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属的释放特性

选用欧盟固体中无机组分有效量测试方法(EA NEN7371)和块状材料中无机组分的扩散实验方法(EA NEN7375),研究了模拟混凝土样品中重金属(Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb)的释放特性.结果表明,混凝土中重金属的有效释放量低于总量;不同重金属的有效释放量与总量比值差异较大.扩散控制是混凝土中Cr、Ni和Cd释放的主要机理,释放曲线与斜率为0.5的直线拟合较佳,且不同区间浸出量曲线的斜率均在0.35~0.65范围内;As在释放前期有延滞现象,但中后期仍以扩散控制为主;Pb的释放为溶解控制,受浸取液的pH值影响较大.重金属扩散系数负对数值按Pb相似文献   

青山水库底泥磷释放与库区水体磷浓度的关系

通过对青山水库底泥磷释放特性的实验结果分析,对照库区水体浓度监测的数据,确定了库区各测点底磷释放量与水体浓度之间的关系,进而为库区环境总量控制与各支流的分配计算提供了依据。同时也为防止水库的进一步富营养化,进而改善水质提供了新的思路。     

表面漆对地板材料火灾初期热释放特性影响的研究

漆与木材是两种不同性质的材料,带有表面漆和不带表面漆的木地板在火灾初期的热释放特性有所不同。本文利用锥形量热计对不同辐射能量条件下的两类木地板的释热特性了实验研究,发现漆对木地板的点燃性和点燃初期的释热特性有较大的影响。这种影响与木材的种类和外部辐射能量的大小有密切的关系。     

生物除磷过程厌氧释磷的代谢机理及其动力学分析

运用充分曝气后的好氧末端活性污泥进行了厌氧释磷实验.结果表明,在厌氧释磷过程中VSS呈现出上升的趋势,而MLSS及灰分均呈现出下降的趋势.当微生物体内的糖原耗尽时,会引起厌氧吸收HAc及释磷过程的中断.得出ΔρPΔρPHB、ΔρGLYΔρPHB、ΔρPΔCOD、ΔρPHBΔCOD各比值的平均值分别为0.48、0.50、0.44、0.92.通过对厌氧吸收HAc及释磷动力学过程进行模拟,得到QHAc,max为164mg·g-1·h-1,QP,max为69.9mg·g-1·h-1,KGYL为0.005,KCOD为3mg·L-1.ΔρPΔCOD与溶液中pH呈明显的线性关系,且得到了二者之间的线性方程.     

Desorption of arsenic from drinking water distribution system solids

Previous work has shown that arsenic can accumulate in drinking water distribution system (DWDS) solids (Lytle et~al., 2004) when arsenic is present in the water. The release of arsenic back into the water through particulate transport and/or chemical release (e.g. desorption, dissolution) could result in elevated arsenic levels at the consumers' tap. The primary objective of this work was to examine the impact of pH and orthophosphate on the chemical release (i.e. desorption) of arsenic from nine DWDS solids collected from utilities located in the Midwest. Arsenic release comparisons were based on the examination of arsenic and other water quality parameters in leach water after contact with the solids over the course of 168~hours. Results showed that arsenic was released from solids and suggested that arsenic release was a result of desorption rather than dissolution. Arsenic release generally increased with increasing initial arsenic concentration in the solid and increasing pH levels (in the test range of 7 to 9). Finally, orthophosphate (3 and 5 mg PO₄/L) increased arsenic release at all pH values examined. Based on the study results, utilities with measurable levels of arsenic present in their water should be aware that some water quality changes can cause arsenic release in the DWDS potentially resulting in elevated levels at the consumer's tap.     

微孔曝气与覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷形态分布及释放过程的影响

采用自行研发的泥-水界面微孔曝气系统,开展了底泥表面曝气和覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷释放及形态分布规律的影响研究.结果表明,微孔曝气能够有效提高上覆水的溶解氧(DO)和沉积物的氧化还原电位(Eh),能够将泥-水界面Eh维持在-100 m V左右,DO提高到6 mg·L-1以上.与对照比较,原位覆盖处理的上覆水DO和Eh有一定提高,但仍明显低于微孔曝气处理.与对照相比较,微孔曝气处理均有效降低上覆水中总磷(TP)和溶解性正磷酸盐(PO3-4)的含量.试验结束时,微孔曝气(A)和微孔曝气+原位覆盖处理(A+C)上覆水中TP含量由初始的0.201 mg·L-1分别降至0.062 mg·L-1和0.050 mg·L-1;上覆水中PO3-4含量由0.086 mg·L-1和0.078 mg·L-1分别降至0.026 mg·L-1和0.023 mg·L-1.与对照相比,微孔曝气处理明显降低了底泥间隙水中TP的浓度,在整个培养期间,其TP含量平均下降38.8%(A)和47.9%(A+C).底泥原位覆盖处理对抑制泥-水界面磷释放能力要弱于微孔曝气处理,而且在试验后期(50 d),上覆水中TP和PO3-4的含量均有所反弹.不管有无覆盖,泥-水界面微孔曝气处理均显著改变了表层底泥磷形态分布特征,显著降低了底泥中铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)组分比例,而钙结合态磷(Ca-P)含量比例却出现明显增加.单一的表面覆盖处理对底泥磷形态分布特征没有显著影响(P0.05).研究表明,与单一的处理效果相比较,泥-水界面纳米微孔曝气处理,并结合底泥原位覆盖,更有利于抑制城市重污染河道泥-水界面中磷的释放风险.     

A red water occurrence in drinking water distribution systems caused by changes in water source in Beijing,China: mechanism analysis and control measures

A red water phenomenon occurred in several communities few days after the change of water source in Beijing, China in 2008. In this study, the origin of this problem, the mechanism of iron release and various control measures were investigated. The results indicated that a significant increase in sulphate concentration as a result of the new water source was the cause of the red water phenomenon. The mechanism of iron release was found that the high-concentration sulphate in the new water source disrupted the stable shell of scale on the inner pipe and led to the release of iron compounds. Experiments showed that the iron release rate in the new source water within pipe section was over 11-fold higher than that occurring within the local source water. The recovery of tap water quality lasted several months despite ameliora- tive measures being implemented, including adding phosphate, reducing the overall proportion of the new water source, elevating the pH and alkalinity, and utilizing free chlorine as a disinfectant instead of chloramine. Adding phosphate was more effective and more practical than the other measures. The iron release rate was decreased after the addition of 1.5 mg. L-1 orthophosphate- P, tripolyphosphate-P and hexametaphosphate-P by 68%, 83% and 87%, respectively. Elevating the pH and alkalinity also reduced the iron release rate by 50%. However, the iron release rate did not decreased after replacing chloramine by 0.5-0.8 mg. L-1 of free chlorine as disinfectant.