阻燃剂对棉布和地毯热解燃烧性能的影响研究

研究了氢氧化铝和三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐对棉布和地毯热解和燃烧行为,考察了阻燃剂添加量对棉布和地毯点燃时间、热解速度和火焰持续时间的影响,并利用锥形量热仪测定了添加阻燃剂前后材料在点燃时间、热释放速率、质量损失速率和CO释放速率的变化,结果表明海水中添加10%的Al(OH)3和MCA可显著降低棉布和地毯的热解速度及热释放速率.     

Climate suitability as a predictor of conservation translocation failure

The continuing decline and loss of biodiversity has caused an increase in the use of interventionist conservation tools, such as translocation. However, many translocation attempts fail to establish viable populations, with poor release site selection often flagged as an inhibitor of success. We used species distribution models (SDMs) to predict the climate suitability of 102 release sites for amphibians, reptiles, and terrestrial insects and compared suitability predictions between successful and failed attempts. We then quantified the importance of climate suitability relative to 5 other variables frequently considered in the literature as important determinants of translocation success: number of release years, number of individuals released, life stage released, origin of the source population, and position of the release site relative to the species’ range. Probability of translocation success increased as predicted climate suitability increased and this effect was the strongest among the variables we considered, accounting for 48.3% of the variation in translocation outcome. These findings should encourage greater consideration of climate suitability when selecting release sites for conservation translocations and we advocate the use of SDMs as an effective way to do this.     

Nutrient release from fish silage using microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process

The microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process was used to treat fish silage for nutrient release and solids reduction prior to its use as a fertilizer for greenhouse operations. Fifteen sets of experiments with varying hydrogen peroxide dosages and treatment temperatures were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the process on the solubilization of fertilizer constituents. It was found that up to 26% of total Kjeldahl nitrogen could be released as ammonia with 6% hydrogen peroxide dosage at 170°C. An increase of nitrate/nitrite concentration was observed with higher hydrogen peroxide dosage and higher microwave temperature; the highest concentration of 10.2 mg L^{? 1} nitrates/nitrites was achieved at at 170°C and 6% H₂O₂ dosage. Up to 20 ± 9.5% of total chemical oxygen demand was reduced at temperatures between 120 and 170°C. Large quantities of volatile fatty acids were generated at lower temperatures, corresponding to an increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand, but not at higher temperatures. The treatment of fish silage using the microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process appears to be promising.     

Development of controlled release formulations of thiram employing amphiphilic polymers and their bioefficacy evaluation in seed quality enhancement studies

Controlled release formulations of Thiram (Dimethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl-N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioate), a contact fungicide, have been prepared using laboratory synthesized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based functionalized amphiphilic copolymers. The kinetics of thiram from developed controlled release (CR) formulations were studied in comparison with that of the commercially available 75 WS. Release from the commercial formulation was faster than with the developed CR formulations. Maximum amount of thiram was released on 35th day for PEG-2000 4d, 28th day for PEG-1500 4c, 21st day for PEG-1000 4b and 15th day for PEG-600 4a in comparison to commercial formulation (7th day). The diffusion exponent (n) of thiram in water ranged from 0.356 to 0.545 in the tested formulations. The half-release (t_1/2) values ranged between 14.78 to 22.1 days, and the Period of Optimum Availability (POA) of thiram ranged from 7.79 to 25.15 days. An effort has also been made to identify the suitable polymers that could reduce the seed deterioration during storage and also act as an effective carrier of fungicide thiram. The results demonstrate that the seeds coated with the different formulations deteriorated at a slower pace as manifested in high germination percentage over control. Apart from the fungicidal effect of thiram, the polymers acted as barriers to moisture reducing the rate of seed deterioration and checked the degradation of thiram. The CR formulation 4d, with PEG 2000, was found to be most effective as seed coat.     

Release of soil bound (nonextractable) residues by various physiological groups of microorganisms∗

Abstract

Soil bound ¹⁴C‐labeled residues were released by four different physiological groups of microorganisms from an organic soil treated with ¹⁴C‐ring‐labeled prometryn [2‐(methylthio) ‐4,6‐bis(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine]. The extent to which the different microbial populations released bound ¹⁴C residues (25–30% of the total bound ¹⁴C) from the Y‐irradiated soil after 28 days incubation did not differ considerably. Analysis of the extractable material from the incubated soil showed the presence of small amounts of the parent compound, and its hydroxy and mono‐N‐dealkylated analogues. Low level of ¹⁴CO₂ (1.5–3.0% of the total bound ¹⁴C) was evolved from the microbial systems indicating ring cleavage of the released material as being a very minor reaction.     

Microwave treatment and struvite recovery potential of dairy manure

Microwave digestion of liquid dairy manure was tested for the release of nutrients, such as orthophosphates, ammonia-nitrogen, magnesium, calcium and potassium, both with and without the aid of an oxidizing agent (hydrogen peroxide). The orthophosphate to total phosphorus ratio of the manure increased from 21% to greater than 80% with 5 minutes of microwave treatment. More than 36% of total chemical oxygen demand (t-COD) of the manure was reduced when microwave digestion was assisted with peroxide addition. In addition, the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) distribution shifted to simpler chain acids (acetic acid in particular) with an increase in operating temperature. In the second part of the study, digested manure with increased soluble phosphate was tested for the recovery of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) at different pH. It was found that up to 90% of orthophosphate can be removed from the solution. Overall, it was concluded that the oxidizing agent-assisted microwave digestion process can be used upstream of anaerobic digestion, following which the anaerobically digested manure can be used for struvite recovery. Thus, this microwave digestion process presents the potential for enhanced efficiencies in both manure digestion and struvite recovery.     

Development of controlled release formulations of carbofuran and imidacloprid and their bioefficacy evaluation against aphid,Aphis gossypii and leafhopper,Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida on potato crop

Controlled release (CR) formulations of carbofuran and imidacloprid were prepared employing polyvinyl chloride and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and their bioefficacy was evaluated against the aphid, Aphis gossypii and leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida on potato crop. The CR formulations of carbofuran and imidacloprid provided better or equal control of the pests than commercial formulations. CMC-based formulation provided a superior control of both the pests. The Imida-CMC, which showed the lowest population of leaf hopper (10.50 leafhopper/100 cl), provided significantly superior control among all treatments after 35 days after germination (DAG). The residue of carbofuran and imidacloprid in potato tuber and soils were not detectable at the time of harvesting in any one of the formulations.     

Laboratory studies on volatilization and mineralization of 14c‐p,p'‐DDT in soil,release of bound residues and dissipation from solid surfaces

Abstract

In support of field data, laboratory studies were conducted on volatilization, mineralization and binding of ¹⁴C‐p,p'‐DDT in soils at Sao Paulo. Incubation of soil for 6 weeks did not result in volatilized organics or mineralization; with >95% extractable radiocarbon in the form of p,p'‐DDT. Small amounts of bound residues (1.8%) were detected in soil. These data confirm the very slow dissipation of DDT in the field which presumably relates to the acidic pH of soil (4.5–4.8).

Bound ¹⁴C‐residues in soils treated with ¹⁴C‐p,p'‐DDT at Praia Grande and Sao Paulo could be released (5–21%) by sulphuric acid treatment. The released residue had the composition: 69–90% DDT, 7–32% DDD and 0–3% DDE. Incubation of soil bound ¹⁴C‐residues with fresh inoculum for 3 months did not result in release of ¹⁴C.

Dissipation from wooden surfaces was fairly slow. After 20 weeks, 74% of the applied radioactivity could be recovered; 44% hexane‐non‐extractable.     

餐厨垃圾处理厂挥发性有机物释放特征

选择目前国内成功运营的餐厨垃圾处理厂为采样点,该厂以利用餐厨垃圾生产生物蛋白饲料和厌氧发酵为主要工艺,采用气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)技术对挥发性有机物(VOCs)浓度较高的工段,如破碎室、湿热反应器、好氧发酵仓进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明,3个采样点共检测出65种物质,包括醇、醛、酮、酯、芳香烃、硫化物、卤代物、烯烃和烷烃9类.湿热反应器排放VOCs浓度最高且包含物质种类最多,其中酮、酯、芳香烃、硫化物、卤代物、烯烃及烷烃类物质浓度均高于其他检测点,需对该工段进行重点监测和控制.     

基于锥形量热仪的几种防火布燃烧性能研究

生产企业常在电缆或者贵重高危机器处设置防火布来保护生产设备设施的消防安全,选取五种常用的防火布:石棉纤维防火布、陶瓷纤维防火布、硅胶防火布、涂胶防火布、碳素纤维防火布,通过锥形量热仪实验研究不同辐射强度对防火布燃烧性能的影响。结果表明:点燃时间的均方根倒数与辐射强度之间呈现线性关系;在35 kW/m~2辐射强度工况下,碳素纤维防火布的热释放速率最大,达到272.59 kW/m~2,有效燃烧热的峰值也最大,达到529.52 kJ/g;综合比较各样品的燃烧性能,防火能力强弱顺序为:硅胶防火布石棉纤维防火布陶瓷纤维防火布碳素纤维防火布涂胶防火布。