香溪河库湾底泥营养盐释放规律初探

受水库调度带来的扰动影响,河道型水库支流库湾河口底泥营养盐释放为水体富营养化和水华暴发增加了风险。文章通过在香溪河库湾河口采集底泥和水样,室内模拟扰动条件下,藻类外吸收源、扰动及底泥-水界面浓度梯度对底泥营养盐释放的影响。结果表明:扰动及外吸收源并存时,底泥氮磷释放量增大;扰动作用对磷释放影响较底泥-水界面浓度梯度弱,但对氮释放影响较底泥-水界面浓度梯度影响大;底泥释磷量随底泥-水界面浓度梯度升高而增大,释氮量则受其影响较小。三峡水库泄水和水华暴发、藻类大量繁殖将促进香溪河库湾底泥营养盐释放。     

锆、镧和镧锆改性沸石添加控制底泥磷释放的对比

本研究采用镧和锆作为改性剂制备了3种不同类型的改性沸石,即锆改性沸石(Zr MZ)、镧改性沸石(La MZ)和镧锆改性沸石(La Zr MZ),对比考察了其对水中磷酸盐的吸附作用,并对比研究了其添加对上覆水、间隙水和底泥中磷的影响.结果发现,3种改性沸石均可有效地吸附水中的磷酸盐,且La Zr MZ对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能明显优于La MZ和Zr MZ. 3种改性沸石添加均可有效地降低上覆水和间隙水中SRP的浓度.La MZ对底泥中潜在活性磷的钝化效果优于La Zr MZ,而后者又优于Zr MZ. 3种改性沸石添加均可以降低底泥中水溶性磷(WSP)、藻类可利用磷(AA-P)和铁氧化物-滤纸提取磷(Fe O-P)的含量,WSP和AA-P削减效应的排序为:La MZ La Zr MZ Zr MZ,Fe O-P削减效应的排序为:La Zr MZ Zr MZ La MZ. La Zr MZ和La MZ添加均可以降低底泥中易解吸磷(RDP)的含量,且削减效应的排序为:La MZ La Zr MZ. La Zr MZ和Zr MZ添加均可以降低底泥中Na HCO_3提取磷(Olsen-P)的含量,且削减效应的排序为:La Zr MZ Zr MZ.以上结果显示,镧、锆和镧锆改性沸石均可以有效控制水体内源磷向上覆水的释放;从吸附容量和生物可利性磷钝化效果看,镧锆联合改性沸石是一种非常有希望的用于控制水体内源磷释放的底泥改良材料.     

Release of volatile organic compounds during bio-drying of municipal solid waste

Three treatments were tested to investigate the release concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the bio-drying of municipal solid waste (MSW) by the aerobic and combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes. Results showed that VOCs were largely released in the first 4 days of bio-drying and the dominant components were: dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, benzene, 2-butanone, limonene and methylene chloride. Thus, the combined hydrolytic-aerobic process was suggested for MSW bio-drying due to fewer aeration quantities in this phase when compared with the aerobic process, and the treatment strategies should base on the key properties of these prominent components. Malodorous sulfur compounds and terpenes were mainly released in the early phase of bio-drying, whereas, two peaks of release concentrations appeared for aromatics and ketones during bio-drying. Notably, for the combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes there were also high concentrations of released aromatics in the shift from hydrolytic to aerobic stages. High concentrations of released chlorinateds were observed in the later phase. For the VOCs produced during MSW bio-drying, i.e., malodorous sulfur compounds, terpenes and chlorinateds, their release concentrations were mainly determined by production rates; for the VOCs presented initially in MSW, such as aromatics, their transfer and transport in MSW mainly determined the release concentrations.     

Preparation of FexCe1-xOy solid solution and its application in Pd-only three-way catalysts

FeO_x-CeO₂ mixed oxides with increasing Fe/(Ce+Fe) atomic ratio (1-20 mol%) were prepared by sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) techniques. The dynamic oxygen storage capacity (DOSC) was investigated by mass spectrometry with CO/O₂ transient pulses. The powder XRD data following Rietveld refinement revealed that the solubility limit of iron oxides in the CeO₂ was 5 mol% based on Fe/(Ce+Fe). The lattice parameters experienced a decrease followed by an increase due to the influence of the maximum solubility limit of iron oxides in the CeO₂. TPR analysis revealed that Fe introduction into ceria strongly modified the textual and structural properties, which influenced the oxygen handling properties. DOSC results revealed that Ce-based materials containing Fe oxides with multiple valences contribute to the majority of DOSC. The kinetic analysis indicated that the calculated apparent kinetic parameters obey the compensation effect. The three-way catalytic performance for Pd-only catalysts based on the Fe doping support exhibited the redundant iron species separated out of the CeO₂ and interacted with the ceria and Pd species on the surface, which seriously influenced the catalytic properties, especially after hydrothermal aging treatment.     

湖泊底泥释磷预测模型及控制研究

双龙湖是浅水型城市湖泊,在外源污染得到有效控制后,内源污染成为湖泊营养物主要负荷,因此笔者分析了双龙湖底泥释磷影响显著因子（温度、pH、溶解氧、水动力）,并用多元回归得出双龙湖底泥平均释磷强度模型：R=0.396＋0.0184[T]＋0.0589[pH]-0.176[DO]＋0.122[K],通过释磷模型预测不同环境条件下底泥释磷规律,从而采取适宜措施抑制磷释放,控制内源污染.     

铊在黄铁矿中的相态分布及碳酸盐在其释放过程中的作用

采用分级提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,对黄铁矿中铊的相态分布进行了考察.结果表明,黄铁矿中的铊主要以存在于硅酸盐相中和以酸可交换的形式存在于矿物结构中的铊为主,这部分铊分别占到58.3%和25.1%;以可氧化态形式结合在黄铁矿(FeS2)中的铊次之,占11.2%;以易还原态形式存在于铁氧化物相中的铊最少,为5.4%.自然条件下铊的释放主要是酸可交换态铊和可氧化态铊的释放迁移过程.漫反射红外光谱表征发现,黄铁矿在表面氧化过程中其表面羟基增多,表明存在表面溶解及表面酸化现象.进一步的释放机理探讨认为,铊在黄铁矿表面存在一种"溶解-吸附沉淀"平衡,这一平衡由碳酸盐中和作用和黄铁矿表面氧化共同控制,并决定了铊的释放迁移.     

环境因子对湖泊沉积物中吸附态磷化氢生成和释放的影响

以富营养化湖泊的沉积物湿样为研究对象,采用室内模拟的方法,考察了pH、温度和氧气对沉积物中吸附态磷化氢生成和释放的影响．结果表明,实验过程维持pH值动态恒定,当起始pH值为1或12时,沉积物磷化氢消失很快;起始pH值为10时,吸附态磷化氢的净积累量较大;起始pH值4～12的条件下,向沉积物一水体系中加碱可使吸附态磷化氢的积累量增加．温度对吸附态磷化氢的生成和释放均有影响,20℃时沉积物中吸附态磷化氢的净积累量最大．氧气对吸附态磷化氢的影响不显．沉积物中吸附态磷化氢的净含量是其生成和释放相互平衡后的结果．     

原位技术控制湖泊沉积物中磷释放的研究

通过实验室模拟试验研究曝气供氧、沸石覆盖和硝酸钙等原位控制东洞庭湖沉积物磷释放技术效果,试验结果表明:好氧时,曝气供氧对上覆水磷浓度的控制效果较差,当溶解氧320%,水中磷浓度不随溶解氧含量的增加而增加,控制效果依次为:硝酸钙原位处理>沸石覆盖>曝气3未处理;厌氧时,控制效果依次为:硝酸钙原位处理>曝气>沸石覆盖>未处理;扰动条件下,控制水体中磷浓度效果依次为:投加硝酸钙原位处理>沸石覆盖>曝气>未处理,但硝酸钙处理在不同水力作用下保持上覆水磷浓度稳定性不如沸石覆盖;沸石覆盖和硝酸钙原位处理都增大了水体耗氧量,其中以硝酸钙处理最为显著,可使水体复氧功能减弱.     

扰动强度对太湖沉积物中磷释放及其形态转化的影响

通过室内试验模拟了太湖沉积物在不同扰动强度下的悬浮过程,研究了沉积物扰动强度对磷释放及其形态转化的影响.结果表明,较高扰动强度下(相当于太湖风速12 m.s-1),水体中不同形态磷(总磷、颗粒态磷、溶解性总磷)含量均高于较低扰动强度(相当于太湖风速8 m.s-1).其中,两者分别扰动1h后,总磷和颗粒态磷分别达到0.950 mg.L-1、0.384 mg.L-1和0.882 mg.L-1、0.328 mg.L-1,该水平保持到试验结束.然而,溶解性总磷则呈逐渐降低的趋势.这主要归因于悬浮物的吸附和微生物的快速利用.较高和较低扰动强度下,悬浮物上总磷(Tot-P)分别增加了10 mg.kg-1(平均值)和60 mg.kg-1(平均值).较高扰动强度下铁铝结合态磷的变化恰好说明了形态磷间存在转化趋势.因为铁铝结合态磷增加了85.7 mg.kg-1(平均值),明显高于Tot-P的实测值(10 mg.kg-1,平均值)和理论值(27 mg.kg-1,平均值),说明有其它形态磷转化成铁铝结合态磷.弱吸附态磷和钙结合态磷含量的降低正说明这一点.这显示在扰动状态下,不同形态磷之间至少发生了以水为媒介的间接性转化.     

基于Fluent的井喷失控有毒气体扩散模拟研究

井喷是石油工业生产中比较常见的一种事故,特别是高含硫气井井喷后会造成重大的人员伤亡,研究H2S气井井喷后毒气扩散规律具有重要现实意义.基于重庆开县“12·23”井喷事件的初始数据,建立了具有障碍物的含H2S气井井喷事故模型.运用Fluent软件对不同高度的障碍物、不同风速、不同井口释放速率三种工况下的含H2S气井井喷扩散情况进行了模拟研究,得出了三种工况下1000ppmH2S的最远扩散距离,为高含硫气井的应急疏散和安全规划提供参考.