不同来源重金属污染土壤中重金属的释放行为

根据重金属来源的不同把重金属污染土壤分为2类:外源重金属污染土壤和内源重金属污染土壤,后者重金属来自成土母质.2类污染土壤中的重金属在不同颗粒中的分布有很大差异:外源重金属污染土壤的重金属主要分布于细颗粒中,重金属具有明显的向细颗粒富集的特点;而内源重金属污染土壤的重金属颗粒分异特征相对不明显.提取试验表明,内源重金属污染土壤中重金属主要以残余态形式存在,较为稳定,释放较缓慢,内源重金属污染土壤颗粒磨细程度对土壤重金属释放的影响明显高于外源重金属污染土壤.pH对外源和内源重金属污染土壤中重金属的溶出均有较大影响.连续淋溶试验表明,外源重金属污染土壤释放重金属的强度虽然较高,但其释放持续时间较短;而内源重金属污染土壤释放重金属的强度较低,但其持续时间较长.      

生物质炭覆盖对太湖沉积物-水界面氮磷迁移与转化的影响

沉积物内源释放极易造成浅水富营养化湖泊的二次污染问题.选取3种生物质炭(果壳生物炭、藻泥生物炭、污泥生物炭)对太湖沉积物进行覆盖模拟实验,利用营养通量模型计算沉积物-水界面的氮磷释放通量,探讨不同生物质炭对沉积物内源释放与菌群演替的影响.结果表明,果壳炭对沉积物TN和NH₄⁺-N平均释放通量削减百分比最高,分别为56.8%±0.1%和71.7%±0.1%;藻泥炭对沉积物NO₃^--N平均释放通量的削减百分比最高,为83.6%±0.6%;污泥炭则对沉积物的TN、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N平均释放通量均有显著削减,且TP平均释放通量比果壳炭和藻泥炭分别减少50.4%±0.1%和8.0%±0.3%.同时,覆盖污泥炭的沉积物中微生物α多样性最高,且参与硝化反硝化和有机物降解的微生物Bacteroidetes和Chloroflexi丰度比对照组分别增加23.2%和20.5%.综上所述,污泥炭具有良好的富营养化湖泊沉积物修复潜...     

书架群燃烧相互影响下的书架防火间距优化研究

为探究多种因素对书架群燃烧的影响,对书架间距的设定提出优化方案,依据实地调研结果和相关规范,建立书架间距影响燃烧FDS模型,根据释热率增长阶段将书架群燃烧过程划分为3个时期,提出释热量增量极限值I(HRR)的概念,研究上架率、书架框架数、书架排数和火源位置在不同书架间距时对书架群燃烧的促进程度。研究结果表明:书架排数相较于上架率、火源位置、框架数而言对书架群燃烧的影响更为显著,应作为图书馆防火设计时的主要考虑因素;从防火角度建议0.8 m或0.85 m作为借阅室的书架间距优选值,1.15 m作为阅览室或新建图书馆的书架间距优选值,1.05 m作为书架间距避开值。     

Model-based evaluation of controlled-release systems in the remediation of dissolved plumes in groundwater

Controlled-release, semi-passive reactive barrier systems have been recently developed as a long-term treatment option for controlling the spread of contaminant plumes in groundwater. This paper describes a new computer code, and applies it to study coupled processes of solute release, reaction, and mass transport in an in situ remediation scheme using the controlled release of potassium permanganate. Confidence with the modeling approach was developed by model verifications and simulating results of a pilot-scale test-cell experiment. Sensitivity analyses indicated the possibilities of treatment inefficiencies due to inability of transverse dispersion to mix the permanganate (MnO(4)(-)) within the zone of reaction, fluctuations in source strength due to variations in flow velocity, and the small length of treatment zone due to strong soil utilization of MnO(4)(-). Although problems associated with the fluctuating source strength and strong soil utilization can be addressed by optimizing the release rate, the inefficiency of transverse dispersion to create mixing could pose a serious limitation. Through a series of model simulations, a system of injection/withdrawal wells in a doublet arrangement was developed to facilitate lateral spreading and mixing of MnO(4)(-). A well-mixed, stable MnO(4)(-) zone with predetermined size (DxL=8m x 2m) and concentration ranges (1.5-20 mg l(-1)) was created by four 1-day injection/withdrawal pumping periods over 24 d. This type of mixing zone may persist for many years with periodic well mixing and replacements of exhausted controlled-release forms. Coupled use of the generalized code with field hydrologic data will help to optimize the design and operation of controlled-release systems in practice.     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

环境条件变化对土壤中稀土元素溶解释放的影响

以模拟污染红壤为实验材料,在pH值为3.5、5.5和7.5条件下,通过向土壤悬浊液中通入O2或N2改变氧化还原电位Eh为－100,0和400mV,研究了氧化还原电位和pH值对红壤中稀土元素La和Ce溶解释放的影响．结果表明,随着pH值或Eh的减小,La和Ce释放量逐渐增大,Ce受电位的影响较La更为明显．同时还观察到La和Ce的释放量与Fe、Mn的释放量呈显著正相关,表明La和Ce可能主要吸附在Fe－Mn氧化物表面或滞留在Fe－Mn氧化物中．实验还发现,pH值和氧化还原电位的改变会影响红壤中La和Ce形态的变化,分离后沉淀物中的交换态和Fe－Mn氧化物结合态稀土随pH值或氧化还原电位的减小而减小．多元相关逐步回归分析表明．红壤中La和Ce两种元素的释放主要来自交换态和Pe－Mn氧化物结合态．     

固体气溶胶灭火剂的锥形量热仪分析

利用锥形量热仪对固体气溶胶灭火剂（EBM灭火剂）进行了研究。对于气溶灭火剂在燃烧过程中所产生的CO、CO2,以及烟比率、释放速率和耗氧状况作了定性及定量分析。证实燃烧过程中产生的CO、CO2及空气中氧含量对人体无害。     

A COMPARISON OF SOME DYNAMIC,LINEAR AND POLICY ITERATION METHODS FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION1

Within the past few years, a number of papers have been published in which stochastic mathematical programming models, incorporating first order Markov chains, have been used to derive alternative sequential operating policies for a multiple purpose reservoir. This paper attempts to review and compare three such mathematical modeling and solution techniques, namely dynamic programming, policy iteration, and linear programming. It is assumed that the flows into the reservoir are serially correlated stochastic quantities. The design parameters are assumed fixed, i.e., the reservoir capacity and the storage and release targets, if any, are predetermined. The models are discrete since the continuous variables of time, volume, and flow are approximated by discrete units. The problem is to derive an optimal operating policy. Such a policy defines the reservoir release as a function of the current storage volume and inflow. The form of the solution and some of the advantages, limitations and computational efficiencies of each of the models and their algorithms are compared using a simplified numerical example.     

Regulatory Oversight of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms: Has Regulation Inhibited Innovation?

/ Using detailed interviews with company representatives and researchers in the field, this paper examines the factors that might account for the slow pace of development of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) intended for environmental release. We specifically analyzed the role of the regulatory system in shaping innovation. We identified at least two cases where industry decided to discontinue the development of a genetically engineered microbial product because of concerns over regulatory oversight. However, most often industry decisions to continue or halt development of GEMs were based on an evaluation of the particular product's efficacy and potential for profitability. Thus the inability of GEMs to perform up to expectations in the field, rather than the regulatory constraints, appears to be the factor responsible for the slow pace of development. KEY WORDS: Genetically engineered microorganisms; Biotechnology; Regulation of biotechnology; Innovation; Environmental release     

废线路板处理工艺中持久性有毒物质环境释放特征

以江苏省某示范企业为例,对废线路板退锡和粉碎2个处理阶段的有组织、无组织废气以及废线路板处理余物中的持久性有毒物质(PTS)进行检测,并对其环境释放特征进行分析。结果表明,退锡阶段无组织废气中氯代二噁英类物质的浓度显著高于有组织废气,粉碎阶段有机和无机PTS浓度均高于退锡阶段,无机PTS的环境释放主要为悬浮颗粒物中的Pb、Cd、Cr及其化合物。通过PTS物质流分析可知,无机PTS释放质量分数(0. 0%～22. 0%)高于有机PTS释放质量分数(0. 0%～1. 0%),在金属和非金属粉末中含有大量的有机PTS。提出,采用自动化设施,减少工人的车间工作时间,降低其职业暴露风险,并关注废线路板处理余物的后续使用与处理。