建筑火灾坍塌危险性的评估

从建筑火灾坍塌事故的特点及危害入手,分析了火灾中影响建筑坍塌时间的因素,阐述了建筑火灾坍塌前兆,得出建筑火灾坍塌危险性评估结论:在无爆炸发生情况下,无先天质量问题的钢筋混凝土建筑,一般在火灾持续5、6个小时内不会发生整体坍塌;我国北方建筑比南方的建筑普遍抗烧塌性相对较强;按防震设计的震区建筑,其火灾抗塌性明显增强;灭火冷却及时的建筑不易坍塌。     

大型商业建筑人员整体疏散与层次疏散效率对比模拟研究

大型商业建筑人员密度高,疏散环境复杂,火灾条件下人员疏散困难,疏散过程中易发生楼梯口拥堵,而造成疏散效率降低。本文针对大型商业建筑人员逃生疏散过程中大部分时间被耗用在聚集楼梯口等待这一实际问题,应用Building EXDOUS安全疏散软件对某购物广场进行数值模拟分析,通过对比整体疏散和层次疏散两种疏散方式,发现层次疏散较之整体疏散时间大为缩短,人员在楼梯口等待时间显著降低,疏散效率明显提高,进而完善了大型商业性建筑内疏散策略。     

模糊综合评价方法在高层建筑防火安全评价中的应用

防火安全评价是高层建筑防火研究的重要内容之一,介绍了模糊综合评价法在高层建筑防火进行评价时的步骤及方法,利用模糊综合评价方法评价高层建筑的防火安全,是由定性地分析问题开始,通过研究构成高层建筑防火安全诸要素(建筑防火能力、灭火能力、安全疏散能力和安全管理水平)的作用及其相互关系,定量地求出总的评价结果。克服了确定高层建筑防火因素主观性、误差大,减少了评价结果的随意性。通过举例,给出模糊数学的判断矩阵,根据判断矩阵对高层建筑防火中安全管理水平因素进行安全评价,实践证明,模糊综合评价方法应用于高层建筑防火安全评价是实用且有效的。     

典型建筑和装饰材料的轰燃特性研究

对建筑物中常见的3种可燃物三合板、纸、棉布进行了工业分析实验和轰燃观测实验.工业分析实验表明,这3种可燃物挥发分含量高,水分、灰分含量低.由轰燃观测实验得到了不同温度下3种可燃物的着火和火势蔓延的时间,分析了其对建筑火灾的影响.轰燃观测实验表明,在小于等于300 ℃时,可燃物的挥发分较难析出,故不会引起燃烧,但随着温度的升高,轰燃加快,火势迅速加剧.给出了一种简洁的轰燃判断方法,并对一个有限空间的轰然时间进行了预测.     

基于GM-ANN模型的建筑物沉降量变化趋势预测方法

建筑物沉降观测结束之后,为降低和预防因地基不均匀沉降等因素造成的不安全事故发生率,准确预测建筑物沉降量变化趋势已引起相关科研单位的重视。首先,将人工神经网络数据分析与灰色GM(1,1)模型相结合,提出GM-ANN预测模型。然后,结合工程实例验证模型对监测沉降危险点数据变化的准确性,形成Matlab拟合曲线和预测趋势图。最终,结果表明仅考虑时间因素,GM-ANN模型明显优于灰色GM(1,1)模型,可使预测精度提高将近三倍。因此,利用GM-ANN预测模型可以对建筑物安全性进行有效预测。     

深圳市高层建筑地震安全指数判定系统

以深圳市高层建筑为研究实例,介绍了香港大学的城市灾害损失评估及应急反应管理系统,并采用此系统内置的建筑易损性分析模块,结合泛珠三角地区灾害危险性概率模式,场地特征及高层建筑实地调查分析结果,从建筑安全性角度对深圳市的标志性建筑进行危险性分析,进而对深圳市应对突发性灾难事件的管理建设提出建议。作为应用实例,模拟一定概率条件下的灾难事件发生时的建筑物损坏情况,归纳出高层建筑的损坏模式,总结深圳市高层建筑的安全性隐患,提出目前防灾减灾急需实施的相应步骤:建议在一元化的城市灾害预警和应急指挥体系下,整合各个灾种防灾减灾管理部门的资源,以科学分析软件为灾情模拟和决策预案制定的工具,使危机处理的理念由领导决策型转向科学分析型,加强城市应对面对突发事件的能力,保障经济与社会的持续稳定发展。     

Free or low-cost geoinformatics for disaster management: Uses and availability issues

The disaster management applications of geographical information systems and remote sensing are examined relative to the disaster cycle, in pre-disaster, crisis and post-disaster contexts. We focus on the uses and limitations of free or low-cost data and software. A wide range of geospatial datasets are currently freely available, from digital elevation models (DEMs) and thematic digital maps, to multispectral satellite imagery and virtual globes, such as Bing Maps. Maps of hazardous terrain and vulnerable features can be derived from sets of satellite data such as shuttle radar topography mission DEMs and Landsat imagery. The derived maps are particularly useful for district scale (1:25 to 1:100 K) disaster management in low-income countries. Detailed maps (i.e. better than 1:25 K scale) of hazardous terrain and vulnerable features generally require expensive high-resolution satellite imagery or aerial photography.

Although the Internet allows the distribution of free or low-cost geospatial data, software and training materials, there are still some countries with limited Internet access. Data integration, spatial/temporal analysis and map production are also limited by the frequently high price of geoinformatic software, making it a priority to develop suitable Free and Open-Source Software.     

Disaster risk reduction and the evolution of physical development regulation

In 1984 the Mitigation Implementation Conference recognized the need for effective management of urban development in terms of building standards and land-use zonation. In the intervening 25 years, significant progress has been made in the development of building codes and hazard mapping for disaster risk reduction; however, the failure to promulgate, implement and enforce regulation of development has resulted in the dramatic expansion of exposure and risk. It is now necessary to re-assess regulatory policy and practice. New approaches to regulatory compliance must be explored, including participatory regulation and reliance on cultural and religious bases for individual commitment to community safety.     

Managing natural resources with eco-friendly technologies for sustainable rural development: a case of Garhwal Himalaya

Traditional Central Himalaya societies face a range of socio-economic and environmental problems. The potential of science and technology has not yet been adequately and appropriately harnessed to overcome the development constraints posed by the fragile Himalayan environment. Thus there is a need for large-scale establishment of technology resource centers. The Garhwal Unit of GB Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development established rural technology demonstration and training centers in three different agroecological zones between 550 and 2200 m asl and in 13–15 locations, with suitable technologies based on appropriate use and management of locally available bio-resources that ensure people participation. About 35 on-site training courses were organised for about 2329 participants. The participants were given on-site demonstrations, training and technical know-how on various technologies, to enable farmers to better understand problems faced during implementation of new technologies for sustainable management of natural resources. An action research framework and training manuals were also developed in consideration of local socio-economic condition. The documentation and analysis of research (quantitative and qualitative) and data related to cost–benefit analysis of the technologies adopted by farmers generated through this study has created wider sharing of farmer training outputs, at farm level, amongst the scientific communities and with policy planners.     

Environmental protection by utilization of the slag from magnesium production in building materials

This paper presents the results of research on the utilization of slag produced as the waste material of metallic magnesium production. This material is a fine powder with a high magnesium content. The characterization of slag was performed by XRD, DTA and TG analysis. Chemical composition and mechanical properties of slag were also determined. By using a mixture this slag and limestone aggregate, it is possible to obtain dry mortar which, mixed with water, gives a material fully satisfying for plastering mortar. By adding inorganic pigments (Fe₂O₃, Ca₂O3, etc.) decorative mortars are obtained, and when they are spread over the foundation made of brick or concrete, they retain their colour on the entire coating and surface of the mortar.