某型装备用硅橡胶密封圈热氧老化试验与寿命评估

目的 研究某型装备用硅橡胶密封圈在温度影响下的性能退化规律,并进行寿命评估。方法 采用热氧老化加速试验方法,试验过程中模拟橡胶密封圈径向承压状态,通过强化温度试验条件,在90、100、110、120 ℃条件下对硅橡胶密封圈进行加速老化试验。以压缩永久变形率作为参数,对试验后的性能检测数据进行分析与处理,结合Arrhenius模型,以硅橡胶(径压)密封圈压缩永久变形率分别达到10%、20%、30%、40%和50%为密封圈失效临界值指标,外推常温25 ℃时硅橡胶密封圈寿命。结果 加速老化试验后,硅橡胶密封圈的压缩变形率逐渐下降,且温度越高,其压缩变形率下降越快。硅橡胶(径压)密封圈在25 ℃条件下,压缩永久变形率达到10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的贮存寿命分别为1、2.9、5.6、9.1、13.8 a。结论 温度是造成硅橡胶密封圈性能退化的因素之一。文中的试验方法和数据处理方法能有效评估〇型密封圈的寿命。     

Ecological degradation and hydraulic dispersion of contaminant in wetland

For the typical case of a pulsed contaminant emission into a free surface wetland flow, a theoretical analysis is presented in this paper for the decay of the depth-averaged concentration under the combined action of ecological degradation and hydraulic dispersion. Based on a first-order reaction model extensively employed in related ecological risk assessment and environmental hydraulic design, the effect of ecological degradation is separated from the hydraulic effect via an exponential transformation for the general formulation for contaminant transport. The speed profile of a fully developed steady flow through the wetland is obtained. A hydraulic dispersion model for the depth-averaged concentration is devised as an extension of Taylor’s classical analysis on dispersion, and corresponding hydraulic dispersivity is obtained by Aris’s method of moments. Analytical solution of depth-averaged concentration is rigorously derived and characterized. For typical pollutant constituents in wastewater emission, the evolution of contaminant cloud in the wetland flow is illustrated by critical length and duration of influenced region with contaminant concentration beyond given environmental standard level, with essential implications for ecological risk assessment and environmental management.     

基于循环冲击加速试验的某O型橡胶密封圈寿命评估方法

目的 快速准确评估温度循环条件下某O型橡胶密封圈的贮存寿命。方法 模拟O型橡胶密封圈真实受压状况,设计专用夹具,在4个应力条件下开展温度循环冲击加速寿命试验,获得密封圈退化数据,分析并获得密封圈伪失效寿命,构建修正Coffin-Manson模型,并利用不同试验条件下得到的伪失效寿命数据对模型进行参数估计,获得Coffin-Manson寿命预估模型,外推常温条件下密封圈的贮存寿命。结果 通过试验表明,指数模型相比对数模型与线性模型能更准确描述密封圈的退化情况,经Coffin-Manson模型评估,该O型橡胶密封圈常温条件下的贮存寿命为6.13 a,与工程经验数据吻合。结论 所提出的基于循环冲击加速试验的O型橡胶密封圈寿命评估方法可以准确评估密封圈的贮存寿命,大大缩短试验周期,节省寿命评估试验时间和成本,为密封器件的寿命评估提供了参考。     

Modelling the thresholds of nitrogen/phosphorus concentration and hydraulic retention time for bloom control in reclaimed water landscape

● A new model for bloom control in open land scape water was constructed. ● It considers the effects of temperature and light on algae growth. ● It describes threshold curve of nitrogen, phosp horus and hydraulic retention time. ● Light and temperature dependent growth para meters of typical algae were obtained. The risks posed by algal blooms caused by nitrogen and phosphorus in reclaimed water used in urban water landscapes need to be carefully controlled. In this study, the combined effects of the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and the light intensity and temperature on the specific growth rates of algae were determined using Monod, Steele, and Arrhenius models, then an integrated algal growth model was developed. The algae biomass, nitrogen concentration, and phosphorus concentration mass balance equations were used to establish a new control model describing the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and hydraulic retention time thresholds for algal blooms. The model parameters were determined by fitting the models to data acquired experimentally. Finally, the control model and numerical simulations for six typical algae and mixed algae under standard conditions were used to determine nitrogen/phosphorus concentration and hydraulic retention time thresholds for landscape water to which reclaimed water is supplied (i.e., for a reclaimed water landscape).     

Prenatal diagnosis of a small supernumerary,XIST-negative,mosaic ring X chromosome identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization in an abnormal male fetus

Marker or ring X [r(X)] chromosomes of varying size are often found in patients with Turner syndrome. Patients with very small r(X) chromosomes that did not include the X-inactivation locus (XIST) have been described with a more severe phenotype. Small r(X) chromosomes are rare in males and there are only five previous reports of such cases. We report the identification of a small supernumerary X chromosome in an abnormal male fetus. Cytogenetic analysis from chorionic villus sampling was performed because of fetal nuchal translucency thickness and it showed mosaicism 46,XY/47,XY,+r(X)/48,XY,+r(X),+r(X). Fluorescence in situ hybridizations (FISH) showed the marker to be of X-chromosome origin and not to contain the XIST locus. Additional specific probes showed that the r(X) included a euchromatic region in proximal Xq. At 20 weeks gestation, a second ultrasound examination revealed cerebral abnormalities. After genetic counselling, the pregnancy was terminated. The fetus we describe is the first male with a mosaic XIST-negative r(X) chromosome identified at prenatal diagnosis. The phenotype we observed was probably the result of functional disomy of the genes in the r(X) chromosome, secondary to loss of the XIST locus. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

共存碳源对施氏假单胞菌N2裂解苯酚的作用

研究了共存碳源对施氏假单胞菌N2在降解苯酚过程中积累2-羟基黏糠酸半醛(2-HMS)的影响,并用紫外光谱和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对N2菌的生长过程进行了检测.结果表明,与单一碳源苯酚相比,N2菌在共存碳源甲醇、乙醇、丙酮存在的体系中生长快,且11h内,苯酚同步降解率分别提高了4.5％、18.5％、16.6％,同时培养液中2-HMS积累量均达到最大.N2菌代谢苯酚可通过羧化反应产生对羟基苯甲酸,也可通过羟化反应产生邻苯二酚,后者通过间位开环裂解生成2-HMS,而甲醇、乙醇、丙酮与苯酚共存时,更易采用后一种代谢途径.     

Modeling residual flood risk behind levees,Upper Mississippi River,USA

Flood protection from levees is a mixed blessing, excluding water from the floodplain but creating higher flood levels (“surcharges”) and promoting “residual risk” of flood damages. This study completed 2D hydrodynamic modeling and flood-damage analyses for the 459 km² Sny Island levee system on the Upper Mississippi River. These levees provide large economic benefits, at least $51.1 million per year in prevented damages, the large majority provided to the agricultural sector and a small subset of low-elevation properties. However these benefits simultaneously translate into a large residual risk of flood damage should levees fail or be overtopped; this risk is not recognized either locally in the study area nor in national policy. In addition, the studied levees caused surcharges averaging 1.2–1.5 m and locally as high as 2.4 m, consistent with other sites and studies. The combined hydraulic and economic modeling here documented that levee-related surcharge + the residual risk of levee overtopping or failure can lead to negative benefits, meaning added long-term flood risk. Up to 31% of residential structures in the study area, 8% of agricultural structures, and 22% of commercial structures received negative benefits, totaling $562,500 per year. Although counterintuitive, structures at the margin of a leveed floodplain can incur negative benefits due to greater flood levels resulting from levees purportedly built to protect them. National levee policies and plans for local projects are unbalanced, crediting levee benefits but rarely fully planning for adverse impacts or considering alternatives.     

新洲占家河闸口涵洞水压爆破拆除

介绍新洲占家河闸口涵洞水压爆破拆除的过程及其经验。     

Automatic sensitivity analysis of a finite volume model for two-dimensional shallow water flows

Given a numerical model for solving two-dimensional shallow water equations, we are interested in the robustness of the simulation by identifying the rate of change of the water depths and discharges with respect to a change in the bottom friction coefficients. Such a sensitivity analysis can be carried out by computing the corresponding derivatives. Automatic differentiation (AD) is an efficient numerical method, free of approximation errors, to evaluate derivatives of the objective function specified by the computer program, Rubar20 for example. In this paper AD software tool Tapenade is used to compute forward derivatives. Numerical tests were done to show the robustness of the model and to demonstrate the efficiency of these AD-derivatives.     

Hydraulic characterization for steam enhanced remediation conducted in fractured rock

To explore the viability of Steam Enhanced Remediation (SER) in fractured rock a small-scale steam injection and water/vapour extraction pilot study was conducted at the former Loring Air Force Base in northern Maine, USA. A detailed well testing program was undertaken to assist in the design of the injection and extraction well array, and to assess the possibility of off-site heat and contaminant migration. A structurally complex limestone having low matrix porosity and a sparse distribution of fractures underlies the study site. To characterize the groundwater and steam flow pathways, single-well slug tests and more than 100 pulse interference tests were conducted. The results of the well testing indicate that the study site is dominated by steeply dipping bedding plane fractures that are interconnected only between some wells in the injection/extraction array. The SER system was designed to take advantage of interconnected fractures located at depth in the eastern end of the site. An array of 29 wells located in an area of 60 by 40 m was used for steam injection and water/vapour extraction. The migration of heat was monitored in several wells using thermistor arrays having a 1.5 m vertical spacing. Temperature measurements obtained during and after the 3 month steam injection period showed that heat migration generally occurred along those fracture features identified by the pulse interference testing. Based on these results, it is concluded that the pulse interference tests were valuable in assisting with the design of the injection/extraction well geometry and in predicting the migration pathways of the hot water associated with the steam injection. The pulse interference test method should also prove useful in support of any other remedial method dependant on the fracture network for delivery of remedial fluid or extraction of contaminants.