Turbulent air–water flows in hydraulic structures: dynamic similarity and scale effects

In hydraulic structures, free-surface aeration is commonly observed: i.e., the white waters. The air bubble entrainment may be localised (hydraulic jumps, plunging jets) or continuous along an interface (water jets, chutes). Despite recent advances, there are some basic concerns about the extrapolation of laboratory results to large size prototype structures. Herein the basic air bubble entrainment processes are reviewed and the relevant dynamic similarities are discussed. Traditionally, physical studies are conducted using a Froude similitude which implies drastically smaller laboratory Reynolds numbers than in the corresponding prototype flows. Basic dimensional analyses are developed for both singular and interfacial aeration processes. The results are discussed in the light of systematic investigations and they show that the notion of scale effects is closely linked with the selection of relevant characteristic air–water flow properties. Recent studies of local air–water flow properties highlight that turbulence levels, entrained bubble sizes and interfacial areas are improperly scaled based upon a Froude similitude even in large-size models operating with the so defined Reynolds numbers ρ _w × q _w/μ _w up to 5 E+5. In laboratory models, the dimensionless turbulence levels, air–water interfacial areas and mass transfer rates are drastically underestimated.     

Effects of hydraulic retention time on net present value and performance in a membrane bioreactor treating antibiotic production wastewater

• The membrane bioreactor cost decreased by 38.2% by decreasing HRT from 72 h to 36 h. • Capital and operation costs contributed 62.1% and 37.9% to decreased costs. • The membrane bioreactor is 32.6% cheaper than the oxidation ditch for treatment. • The effluent COD also improved from 709.93±62.75 mg/L to 280±17.32 mg/L. • Further treatment also benefited from lower pretreatment investment. A cost sensitivity analysis was performed for an industrial membrane bioreactor to quantify the effects of hydraulic retention times and related operational parameters on cost. Different hydraulic retention times (72–24 h) were subjected to a flat-sheet membrane bioreactor updated from an existing 72 h oxidation ditch treating antibiotic production wastewater. Field experimental data from the membrane bioreactor, both full-scale (500 m³/d) and pilot (1.0 m³/d), were used to calculate the net present value (NPV), incorporating both capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure. The results showed that the tank cost was estimated above membrane cost in the membrane bioreactor. The decreased hydraulic retention time from 72 to 36 h reduced the NPV by 38.2%, where capital expenditure contributed 24.2% more than operational expenditure. Tank construction cost was decisive in determining the net present value contributed 62.1% to the capital expenditure. The membrane bioreactor has the advantage of a longer lifespan flat-sheet membrane, while flux decline was tolerable. The antibiotics decreased to 1.87±0.33 mg/L in the MBR effluent. The upgrade to the membrane bioreactor also benefited further treatments by 10.1%–44.7% lower direct investment.     

水工环地质灾害危险性评估的策略研究

随着我国各方面持续的发展,工程建设中的基础建设也不断深入,在后续的使用过程中,因水利工程、矿山开采等对地质环境造成了极其严重的影响,如果不及时改变这些不良的地质环境问题,很有可能对我们以后的生活产生影响。所以,我们要在施工前对工程建设的水利地质灾害进行危险评估,通过科学并且合理的评估,分析当前我国水工环地质灾害的危险性,希望可以对改善我国不良环境提出一些针对性的解决方案。     

Component failure recognition and maintenance optimization for offshore heave compensation systems based on importance measures

Heave compensation systems work to reduce the influence of unpredictable marine environments on offshore operations and are powered by hydraulic systems. As an important approach in the reliability field, importance measure assesses the impact of components on a system. This paper considers the importance of hydraulic system components for system performance. By analyzing the working state of each component in the passive compensation and active compensation phases, the working principle of the hydraulic system of a semi-active heave compensation experimental system is explained. According to the actual design of the experimental system and its working principle, eight types of 27 components, whose failures affect the performance, are extracted. The servo valve and the accumulator are determined to be redundant while the other components are nonredundant. Two performance-related importance measures, Griffith importance measure (GIM) and integrated importance measure (IIM), are then applied to sort the components of the hydraulic system and determine the maintenance sequence. Finally, based on the IIM value and the maintenance cost of each component, optimization strategies are proposed under different conditions using total cost and time as independent variables.     

不同构造参数对圆环耗能器性能的影响分析

设计了13组不同构造参数的圆环耗能器,采用ABAQUS软件对安装在支撑框架结构中的圆环耗能器进行参数分析,研究圆环钢板厚度、圆环外直径、支撑角度、圆环钢板局部削弱形式和削弱深度对圆环耗能器性能的影响。研究结果表明:圆环耗能器滞回曲线稳定、饱满,塑性耗能能力强;随着圆环钢板厚度的增加或者圆环外直径的减小,圆环耗能器初始刚度和屈服力增大;支撑与横梁之间的角度对圆环耗能器性能有一定影响,交叉支撑角度宜取45°左右;圆环钢板局部削弱圆环耗能器比不削弱圆环耗能器具有更好的耗能效果;圆环钢板局部削弱形式宜采用圆弧式,且钢板削弱深度宜控制在圆环钢板宽度的20%~30%。     

Use of tracer tests to investigate changes in flow and transport properties due to bioclogging of porous media

Tracer tests were conducted in three laboratory columns to study changes in the hydraulic properties of a porous medium due to bioclogging. About 30 breakthrough curves (BTCs) for each column were obtained. The BTCs were analyzed using analytical equilibrium and dual-porosity models, and estimates of the hydrodynamic dispersion and mass transfer coefficients were obtained by curve fitting. The change in transport properties developed in three stages: an initial phase (I) with no significant changes in transport properties, phase II with growth of biomass near the inlet of the columns causing changes in dispersivity, and phase III with added growth of micro-colonies deeper in the columns causing mass transfer of solutes from the water phase to the biophase. Tracer transport changed from being uniform to more non-uniform with increase in mass transfer of the tracer between the mobile phase and the immobile biomass. An increase in the bulk dispersivity value of up to one order of magnitude was observed. Numerical simulations suggest that local dispersivity values may be as much as 40 times higher in the more severe clogged areas inside the column. The bulk hydraulic conductivities of the columns decreased by up to three orders of magnitude. The hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity parameters were almost recovered after disinfection of the columns. Different models relating the changes of the hydraulic conductivity to the changes in the mobile porosity due to bioclogging were reviewed, and the micro-colony relation of Thullner et al. [Thullner, M., Zeyer, J., Kinzelbach, W., 2002. Influence of microbial growth on hydraulic properties of pore networks, Transport in Porous Media, 49, 99-122.] was found to best describe the relation between the bulk hydraulic parameters.     

Sensitivity of the Structural Characteristics of Tree Rings to Climatic Changes in Different Climatypes of Scotch Pine

Radial increment and tree-ring structure were studied in the progenies of 16 climatypes growing in the southern taiga subzone. The coefficients of correlation between tree-ring parameters of the local and other climatypes were as high as 0.7–0.9, and the synchronism coefficients were higher than 0.7. Climatypes of northern origin were an exception. The sensitivity of the parameters of the tree-ring late wood decreased with an increase in the latitude at which the seeds for establishing the cultures were collected. Estimation of Euclidean distances in the space of tree-ring parameters showed that the northern climatypes differed from the southern taiga types by no more than 15%. The climatypes from the middle taiga and the forest–steppe exhibited smaller differences (10–11%).     

福建省农村房屋抗震性能调查与现状分析

以福建省农村住宅建筑结构为研究对象,在现场采集该省村镇房屋基本资料的基础上,围绕课题如何提高农村住宅抗震性能,分析了框架结构、砖砌体结构、底框结构、石砌结构、砖木结构和土木结构房屋等在建筑结构设计和施工方式方面所存在的问题,提出了加强农村建筑抗震的相应措施,为福建省农村建筑抗震性能评估提供了参考标准,同时向农村普及建筑结构设计基本常识、建筑结构抗震知识也提供了资料。     

中国森林火灾与对策

本文剖析了我国森林火灾与损失概况和我国森林火灾分布及其特点。根据森林燃烧环理论,提出了符合我国国情的综合森林防火对策,即从森林生态系统角度出发,以林火性状为依据,进行火险区划,以工程防火为中心,群众防火为主,营林、生物防火为基础,有条件地用火防火的对策,有效地控制森林火灾,使火灾发生控制在允许范围内,其损失限制在一定经济水平以下,充分发挥火生态的效益,维护生态平衡,保证林区社会安定和林区经济的不断繁荣与发展。     

主减速器橡胶密封圈性能衰减模型及日历寿命评估

目的 构建主减速器橡胶密封圈储存/装机条件下的性能衰减模型,评估其实际储存日历寿命、储存/装机条件下的折算系数。方法 将功能结构件实际尺寸（实际装配、初始轴向厚度和压缩时轴向厚度）、实际生产产品尺寸和安全裕度相结合,确定橡胶密封件的失效判据。对实际使用的FX-4、FX-17橡胶密封圈2种初始压缩率的装机状态下进行5个温度点的加速老化试验,测定2种橡胶密封圈压缩永久变形率的老化指标参数,利用回归分析得到相应的衰减模型,结合实际储存13a的橡胶密封圈的压缩永久变形率进行检验,确定储存/装机条件下的折算系数。结果 以25%为失效判据,橡胶密封圈储存年限可达19.8 a。结论 为了保证使用安全和外场计算方便,FX-4密封圈装机使用1 a相当于储存2 a,FX-17密封圈装机使用1 a相当于储存3 a。