Determination of the minimum ignition energy on the basis of a statistical approach

Based on existing MIE test results and new measurements, a statistical analysis for the MIE of hydrogen, ethene and propane is made by means of the logistic regression. The conditions necessary to carry out such an approach are discussed. It is shown that MIE values which are connected with a certain ignition probability could be determined adequately and lead to a more sophisticated result, also with regard to measurement uncertainties. This, in turn, leads to a better comparability and a higher informative content. At the same time, the MIEs of hydrogen, ethene and propane are reviewed. In doing so, a useful contribution to the discussion concerning the MIE of propane is made.     

Flame acceleration in unconfined hydrogen/air deflagrations using infrared photography

Flame behavior and blast waves generated during unconfined hydrogen deflagrations were experimentally studied using infrared photography. Infrared photography enables expanding spherical flame behaviors to be measured and flame acceleration exponents to be evaluated. In the present experiments, hydrogen/air mixtures of various concentrations were filled in a plastic tent of thin vinyl sheet of 1 m³ and ignited by an electric spark. The onset of accelerative dynamics on the flame propagation was analyzed by the time histories of the flame radius and the stretched flame speed. The results demonstrated that the self-acceleration of the flame, which was caused by diffusional-thermal and hydrodynamic instabilities of the blast wave, was influenced by hydrogen deflagrations in unconfined areas. In particular, it was demonstrated that the overpressure rapidly increased with time. The burning velocity acceleration was greatly enhanced with spontaneous-turbulization.     

Photocatalytic Production of Methane and Hydrogen Through Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with Water Using Titania Pellets

This paper presents an experimental study on employing a pellet form of catalyst in photo-reduction of carbon dioxide with water. Water was first absorbed into titania pellets. Highly purified carbon dioxide gas was then discharged into a reactor containing the wet pellets, which were then illuminated continuously for 65 hours using UVC lamps. Analysing the products accumulated in the reactor confirmed that methane and hydrogen were produced through photo-reduction of carbon dioxide with water. No other hydrocarbons were detected. Increasing the temperature in the reactor has showed little change on the amount of methane produced.     

高效吸收氧化法处理炼油工业恶臭气体研究

以碳酸钠溶液为吸收液,对苯二酚为催化荆,研究了对炼油企业硫化氢恶臭气体的吸收氧化效果,考察了吸收氧化的影响因素、再生方法及再生效果。结果表明：高效氧化吸收法处理硫化氢恶臭气体效果很好,吸收液可循环使用。     

Hydrogen and transportation: alternative scenarios

If hydrogen (H₂) is to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oil use, it needs to displace conventional transport fuels and be produced in ways that do not generate significant greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses alternative ways H₂ can be produced, transported and used to achieve these goals. Several H₂ scenarios are developed and compared to each other. In addition, other technology options to achieve these goals are analyzed. A full fuel cycle analysis is used to compare the energy use and carbon (C) emissions of different fuel and vehicle strategies. Fuel and vehicle costs are presented as well as cost-effectiveness estimates. Lowest hydrogen fuel costs are achieved using fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage. The fuel supply cost for a H₂ fuel cell car would be close to those for an advanced gasoline car, once a large-scale supply system has been established. Biomass, wind, nuclear and solar sources are estimated to be considerably more expensive. However fuel cells cost much more than combustion engines. When vehicle costs are considered, climate policy incentives are probably insufficient to achieve a switch to H₂. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) mitigation cost would amount to several hundred US$ per ton of CO₂. Energy security goals and the eventual need to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations could be sufficient. Nonetheless, substantial development of related technologies, such as C capture and storage will be needed. Significant H₂ use will also require substantial market intervention during a transition period when there are too few vehicles to motivate widely available H₂ refueling.

A kinetic model of Ti（IV）-catalyzed H2O2/O3 process in aqueous solution

A kinetic model for the Ti(IV)-catalyzed H₂O₂/O₃ process was established, and the experimental results demonstrated that the model could well describe this ozone-based oxidative system mathematically and chemically.     

Study on the effect of explosion suppression equipment on hydrogen explosions

Hydrogen safety is a critical component of modern industrial safety production. In this study, a set of hydrogen explosion suppression equipment is designed independently. The suppression effects of the equipment on hydrogen explosions are studied at normal room temperature and pressure. The experimental results show that the actuation time of the equipment and the spraying mode of the suppressant are the main factors leading to the failure of the hydrogen explosion suppression equipment. The flame, with a hydrogen equivalence ratio of 0.7 and 1.0, spreads out of control when the suppressant touches the flame front. At this time, the addition of the suppressant enhances flame propagation and increases pressure. In addition, because the suppressant does not fully cover the developing flame, the hydrogen flame with the equivalence ratio of 0.5 eventually breaks through the suppressant cloud, and the explosion happens. However, when the initial flame is completely covered by the suppressant, the hydrogen explosion is suppressed by hydrogen explosion suppression equipment. This research provides a solid and reliable foundation for hydrogen explosion suppression equipment in industrial safety and production protection.     

双氧水敏化二氧化钛的制备及表征

利用超声分散法,以钛酸丁酯为主要原料,以双氧水为敏化剂,无水乙醇作为溶剂,冰醋酸作为抑制剂,制备双氧水敏化的二氧化钛粉体。并通过X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对产品进行表征。同时研究不同影响因素对甲基橙去除率的影响。实验结果显示,当焙烧温度为550℃,H2O2浓度为0.3%,催化剂投加量为0.5 g/L时,可制备出降解甲基橙溶液效果较好的二氧化钛。     

A novel proton-gradient-transfer acid complexes as an efficient and reusable catalyst for fatty acid esterification

In this work, a series of novel proton-gradient-transfer acid complexes (PGTACs) were developed. Their physicochemical properties, including thermal stability, melting point, and Hammett acidity, were measured. The effects of catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and substrate expansion on the catalytic performance were systematically studied. It is found that the combination of bidentate N-heterocycle and H2SO4 (1:2 M ratio) could form simultaneously N–H covalent bond and N…H hydrogen bond, which makes the PGTACs excellent catalysts integrate the advantages of strong acids (high catalytic activity) and ionic liquids (phase separation) in the esterification reaction. Moreover, these PGTACs can be reused by convenient phase separation without obvious diminution of catalytic activity. It is concluded that these PGTACs are potential alternative candidates for esterification reaction in the process of industrial catalysis.